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The Biology of Steninae

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Biology of Rove Beetles (Staphylinidae)

Abstract

Current knowledge of the biology of the megadiverse beetle subfamily Steninae is reviewed here with regard to its systematics, general morphology, life history, behaviour, (chemical) ecology and evolution into various ecomorphs. Comprising >3000 species worldwide, the staphylinid genus Stenus is one of the most speciose animal genera on Earth. Steninae are well characterized by a number of adult and larval autapomorphies. Adult Stenus beetles are diurnal, optically oriented, epigeic predators of springtails and other small arthropods. The most obvious autapomorphic character defining Stenus is its protrusible elongated labium with the paraglossae being modified into adhesive pads. This prey-capture apparatus can be rapidly ejected towards potential prey by increased haemolymph pressure. The paired anal glands of Steninae are described morphologically and with respect to their secretion chemistry. The alkaloid and terpenoid secretions significantly act as defensive compounds against both bacteria and various predators. The unique skimming behaviour of selected species on water surfaces is described in detail, and the chemotaxonomic value of all gland constituents is discussed.

We describe the developmental stages of these beetles from egg to adult and provide details of the functional morphology of the prey-capture apparatus including its adhesion performance via viscous forces.

Steninae beetles prefer moist habitats and inhabit waterside environments such as reeds or sparsely vegetated sites on river or lake margins or the litter and humus layer in tropical forests. More than 70 distinct behavioural patterns can be assigned to the functional categories of feeding, reproduction, grooming, resting and protection. The ecomorphology of Steninae is reviewed in terms of their compound eyes, the labial prey-capture apparatus including the sticky pads (paraglossae) at its tip, the legs including the tarsi and the abdominal tergites.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Throughout this text, the genus name Dianous is presented in quotation marks according to the presumed paraphyly of Stenus with respect to Dianous (cf. Koerner et al. 2013; Lang et al. 2015).

  2. 2.

    The dorsal retractor muscles insert at an apodeme that arises from the dorsal wall of the proximal base of the prementum (see arrow in Fig. 11.9a, b), whereas the ventral muscles insert further distally at the inner side of the ventral wall of the prementum (Fig. 11.9a, b).

  3. 3.

    The lobed state is especially established on the antepenultimate and the penultimate tarsomeres.

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Acknowledgements

Our own work that was included in this chapter was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to O.B. and K.D. (PAK 478: BE 2233/10-1, BE 2233/11-1, DE 258/12-1, SE 595/14-1) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Bionics Competition, BNK2-052) to O.B. We thank K. H. Seifert (Bayreuth) for support in identifying and synthesizing Steninae alkaloids. We thank Volker Puthz for critical reading of the manuscript and continuous support of our research. The English was corrected by Theresa Jones. Monika Meinert helped with the SEM work.

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  1. Evolutionsbiologie der Invertebraten, Institut für Evolution und Ökologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Oliver Betz & Lars Koerner

  2. Lehrstuhl Tierökologie II, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Konrad Dettner

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  1. Oliver Betz
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  2. Lars Koerner
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  3. Konrad Dettner
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Correspondence to Oliver Betz or Lars Koerner .

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  1. Institut für Evolution und Ökologie, Abteilung für Evolutionsbiologie der Invertebraten, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Oliver Betz

  2. Institut für Ökosystemforschung, Abteilung für Angewandte Ökologie, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany

    Ulrich Irmler

  3. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada

    Jan Klimaszewski

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Betz, O., Koerner, L., Dettner, K. (2018). The Biology of Steninae. In: Betz, O., Irmler, U., Klimaszewski, J. (eds) Biology of Rove Beetles (Staphylinidae). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70257-5_11

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