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A History of the Girl pp 143–161Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Girls as Members of an Educated Elite: The Bulgarian Case, c. 1850–1950

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Abstract

Through a prosopographical analysis, the chapter examines the formation of an educated girlhood during the period when the new independent state of Bulgaria was being created. The focus is on graduates of female high schools in Bulgaria from 1850 to 1950. The chapter explores the social role of the girls as members of Bulgaria’s educated elite and their influence on the cultural modernisation of society, particularly in the context of the newly formed, independent Bulgarian state. In addition to a prosopographical analysis, statistical analysis, social network analysis, and case studies are used to explore the establishment, selection, and functioning of a female educated elite in Bulgaria over a long period.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Virzhinia Paskaleva, Balgarkata prez Vazrazhdaneto (Sofia: Otechestven front, 1984), 102, 155.

  2. 2.

    Ibid., 66–162; Nikolay Genchev, Balgarska vdzrozhdenska intelligentsia (Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo, 1991), 93 ff.; Nikolay Genchev, Balgaro-ruski kulturni obshtuvaniya prez Vazrazhdaneto (Sofia: LIK, 2002), 109–205; Barbara Reeves-Ellington, ‘Majkata-prosvetitelka: izsledvane na vzaimovrazkata mezhdu zhenata i natsiata prez Balgarskoto vazrazhdane, 1858–1868’ in Elena Tacheva and Iliya Nedin (eds.), Tja na Balkanite (Blagoevgrad: Neofit Rilski, 2001), 171–181.

  3. 3.

    Konstantin D. Spisarevski, ‘Zhenskoto profesionalno obrazovanie u nas’, Spisanie na Balgarskoto ikonomichesko druzhestvo, 9 (1906), 583–596; Veska Nikolova, Narodnata partia i burzhoaznata demokratsia. Kabinetat na Konstantin Stoilov, 1894–1899 (Sofia: Nauka I izkustvo, 1986), 150–167; Georgeta Nazarska, Universitetskoto obrazovanie i balgarskite zheni, 1879–1944 (Sofia: IMIR, 2003).

  4. 4.

    Darzhaven vestnik, no. 17, 23 Jan. 1892; no. 93, 4 May 1894; Ekaterina Zlatoustova, ‘Devicheskoto obrazovanie sled Osvobozhdenieto’, Uchilishten pregled, 29, no. 10 (1930), 1521–1540; Maria Radeva, Kulturnata politika na balgarskata burzhoazna darzhava, 1885–1908 (Sofia: Nauka I izkustvo. 1982), 14–32.

  5. 5.

    Uchilishten pregled, 2, no. 2 (1896), 292.

  6. 6.

    Darzhaven vestnik, no. 38, 20 Feb. 1904; Uchilishten pregled, 9, no. 1 (1904), 70.

  7. 7.

    See the State Vocational Schools Act (1884); the Agricultural Education Act (1897); the Vocational Education Act (1906); Darzhaven vestni, no. 13, 16 April 1932; no. 1954, 17 July 1941.

  8. 8.

    Georgeta Nazarska, Universitetskoto obrazovanie i balgarskite zheni, 1879–1944 (Sofia, IMIR, 2003), 41–53, 62–70.

  9. 9.

    Georgeta Nazarska, ‘Obrazovanite zheni v tvorchestvoto na balgarskite satiritsi, kraja na 19—sredata na 20 vek’ in Nikolay Vassilev (ed.), Gloria Bibliospherae (Nishkata na Ariadna) (Sofia, Za bukvite-O pismeneh: 2016), 721–726.

  10. 10.

    Uchilishten pregled, vol. 28 (1929), 401–402; Zhenata, 1, no. 5 (1929), 119; 1, no. 6–7 (1929), 135–141.

  11. 11.

    Ivan T. Brakalov, ‘Istoricheski ocherk za osnovavaneto i razvitieto na І-ta Sofijska darzhavna devicheska gimnazia’ in Yubileen sbornik na I Sofiijska darzhavna devicheska gimnazia (1879 - noemvrii 1904) (Sofia: Darzhavna pechatnitsa, 1904), 6–9, 12, 29–30, 57.

  12. 12.

    Ibid., 20; Parva sofijska devicheska gimnazia. Pravilnik za vatreshnia red (Sofia: S. M. Stajkov, 1911), 1–8.

  13. 13.

    A survey in the Sliven Girls’ Gymnasium (1912) indicated that only 9.1 percent of pupils were planning to study at university level. The majority (52.3 percent) intended to become primary teachers after graduation, and 38.6 percent prepared themselves for life as a housewife. The female primary teachers usually became ‘educated housewives’ after their marriage. See Godishnik na Slivenskata darzhavna devicheska gimnazia ‘Tsaritsa Eleonora’ za uchebnata 1911–1912 (Sliven: Nadezhda, 1912), 32–33.

  14. 14.

    Parva sofijska, 59–61. Graduates of the school included writers and poets (Ekaterina Nentcheva, Elissaveta Bagrjana, Anna Kamenova, and Yana Yazova); opera singers (Mara Marinova-Cibulka, Christina Morfova, and Elena Anguelova-Ourukin), and artists (Elissaveta Konsuloff-Vazoff, Zoya Paprikova, and Nevena Gantcheva).

  15. 15.

    Dimitar Pavlov, ‘Dve anketi mezhdu zrelostnitsi’ in Prosveta, 3 (1939), 273–297.

  16. 16.

    State Archive, Sofia, coll. 390: inv.1, arch. unit 8, f. 268, 270–271.

  17. 17.

    Catherine Breyanova, Catherine Zlatoustova, Krustina Guitcheva-Mihaltcheff, Schiwka Dragnewa, and Swoboda Tschardafonova became long-term trustees and chairpersons of the Association.

  18. 18.

    Georgeta Nazarska, ‘Bulgarian Association of University Women, 1924–1950’, Aspasia, 1 (2007), 153–175.

  19. 19.

    Sofijanka, ‘Obshtestvenata dejnost na zhenata v Sofia’, Yubilejna kniga na grad Sofia, 1878–1928 (Sofia: Knipegraf, 1929), 306.

  20. 20.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, coll. 177k, inv. 2, arch. unit. 486, f. 164–170; Konstantin D. Spisarevski, ‘Zhenskoto profesionalno obrazovanie u nas’, Spisanie na Balgarskoto ikonomichesko druzhestvo, 9 (1906), 583–596; Mincho Tchernev, Mihail Rusenov, Yordan Petkov and Mitre Stamenov, Profesionalnoto i technicheskoto obrazovanie v Balgaria (Sofia: Narodna prosveta, 1963), 27.

  21. 21.

    The Majka Society was among the founding organisations of the Bulgarian Women’s Union in 1901, and many of its trustees and chairpersons were long-standing participants in its governing bodies. See Balgarski zhenski sajuz, 1901–1931 (Sofia: Pravo, 1931), 63–69.

  22. 22.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, coll. 264k: inv. 6, arch. unit 31, f. 1, 3, 4, 18; Veska Nikolova, ‘Zhenata na politika. Rada Daneva (1868–1952)’, Istoricheski pregled, 5–6 (2005), 176–177; Ekaterina Karavelova in Francisca De Haan, Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi (eds), A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms. Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe: 19th–20th Centuries (Budapest, New York, CEU Press: 2006), 230–234.

  23. 23.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, coll. 264k: inv. 6, arch. unit 31, f. 8–14, 33–35; Bistra Shokarova, ‘Obshtestvenoto otnoshenie kam prostitutsiata v Balgaria ot Osvobozhdenieto do vojnite’, Sotsiologicheski problemi, 3 (1994), 51–55; Ekaterina Keremidarska and Mladen Tonev, ‘Darzhavno regulirane na publichnite domove—moralno-etichni i ikonomicheski aspekti (kraja na 19—parvoto desetiletie na 20 vek)’, Balkanistic Forum, 1-2-3 (2006), 95–101.

  24. 24.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, col. 1545k: inv. 1, аrch. unit 3, f. 1–35 gr.; Luka I. Dorosiev, ‘Uchebnoto delo v Sofia’ in Yubilejna kniga na grad Sofia, 1878–1928 (Sofia: Knipegraf, 1929), 113–114.

  25. 25.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, col. 1545k: inv. 1, аrch. unit 3, f. 30–35.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., f. 1–9. In 1937, 113 pupils were exempt from the charge, and 15 were supported with clothing and food. See Central State Archive 264k: inv. 6, аrch. unit 31, f. 69.

  27. 27.

    Georgeta Nazarska,’Gotvarskite knigi kato stimul za kulturna modernizatsia: ot Slavejkov do Cholcheva (1870–1944)’, Biblioteki, chetene, komunikatsii (Veliko Tarnovo, Velikotarnovski universitet: 2008), 61–73.

  28. 28.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, col. 155k: inv. 1, аrch. unit 3, f. 1–4gr.

  29. 29.

    Central State Archive, Sofia, col. 177k: inv. 7, arch. unit 178, f. 1–298.

  30. 30.

    Vasilchina, Violeta, ‘Rannite peripetii na balgarskia hudozhestven textile I pronisat na zhenite’ in Problemi na izkustvoto, 35, no. 4 (2002), 40–41.

  31. 31.

    Georgeta Nazarska, ‘Kulturnata retseptsia na zhenskia periodichen pechat v Balgariya (30-60-te godini na 20 vek): Opit za rekonstruktsia po danni ot chasten arkhiv’, Izdatel, 3–4 (2007), 11–20.

  32. 32.

    Violeta Vasilchina, ‘Prilozhnoto izkustvo i strukturite na vsekidnevieto. Etudi ot detstvoto mu’, Problemi na izkustvoto, 39, no. 2 (2006), 4; Georgeta Nazarska, ‘Gotvarskite knigi kato stimul za kulturna modernizatsia: ot Slavejkov do Cholcheva (1870–1944)’, Biblioteki, chetene, komunikatsii (Veliko Tarnovo, Velikotarnovski universitet, 2008), 61–73.

  33. 33.

    Barbara Reeves-Ellington, ‘A Vision of Mount Holyoke in the Ottoman Balkans: American Cultural Transfer, Bulgarian Nation-Building and Women’s Educational Reform, 1858–1870’, Gender and History, 16, no. 1 (2004), 146–171; ‘Embracing Domesticity: Women, Mission, and Nation Building in Ottoman Europe, 1832–1872’ in Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Kathryn Kish Sklar and Connie A. Shemo (eds), Competing Kingdoms: Women, Mission, Nation, and the American Protestant Empire, 1812–1960 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 269–292; Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Domestic Frontiers: Gender, Reform, and American Interventions in the Ottoman Balkans and the Near East (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013); ‘Constantinople Woman’s College: Constructing Gendered, Religious, and Political Identities in an American Institution in the Late Ottoman Empire’, Women’s History Review, 24, no. 1 (2015), 53–71; Orlin Sabev, Spiritus Roberti: Shaping New Minds and Robert College in Late Ottoman Society, 1863–1923 (Istanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2014), 200–230.

  34. 34.

    Bulgarian Historical Archive, St. Cyril and Methodious National Library, Sofia, coll. 781, inv.1, аrch.unit 2, f. 17–27; Ivan Ilchev and Plamen Mitev, Dokosvania do Amerika, 19—nachaloto na 20 vek (Sofia: Hemimont, 2003), 362–367; Orlin Sabev, Robart kolezh i balgarite (Sofia: Iztok-Zapad, 2015), 252–272, 416–428.

  35. 35.

    Bulgarian Historical Archive, Sofia, col. 781: inv.1, аrch.unit 2, f. 17–27.

  36. 36.

    Alexander Velichkov, Ligata na govoreshtite anglijski ezik v Balgaria, 1911–1950 (Sofia: Kolibri.Velichkov, 2000).

  37. 37.

    Ustav na Zhenskoto mladezhko hristiyansko druzhestvo v Sofia, 1924, s.3–4; 1926, 4–10; State Archive, Sofia, 3k: inv.1, аrch.unit 503, f. 1–17; 597: inv.1, f. 1–17gr.).

  38. 38.

    Otchet za dejnostta na Zhenskoto mladezhko hristiansko druzhestvo za 1937–39 (Sofi,: R. Mladenov, 1938–40).

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 1940–41.

  40. 40.

    On Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus see his Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge University, 1977), pp 72–96.

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    1. Cultural Heritage Department, The State University of Library Studies and IT, Sofia, Bulgaria

      Georgeta Nazarska

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    1. Georgeta Nazarska
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    1. Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom

      Mary O'Dowd

    2. University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

      June Purvis

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    Nazarska, G. (2018). Girls as Members of an Educated Elite: The Bulgarian Case, c. 1850–1950. In: O'Dowd, M., Purvis, J. (eds) A History of the Girl. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69278-4_8

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69278-4_8

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    • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69278-4

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