Abstract
Physical examination plays a very important role in the evaluation of critically ill patients. Certain features such as skin color, capillary refill, mentation, urine output, and pulse quality can tell us a lot about the patient’s hemodynamic status. However, some very important features remain hidden even from the most experienced observer or become obvious only at their extremes. These are bicarbonate and lactate levels, hydrogen ion concentrations (i.e., pH), and the balance between oxygen delivery and consumption. Although for detailed monitoring invasive hemodynamic measurements are required, these are not available in every patient. However, arterial and central venous catheters are part of routine monitoring of the intensive care patient, and a simple blood gas measurement can reveal important physiological processes, which cannot be detected otherwise. In the coming chapter, we are going to discuss the rationale and clinical implication of the venous oxygen saturation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Velissaris D, Pierrakos C, Scolletta S, Backer D, Vincent JL. High mixed venous oxygen saturation levels do not exclude fluid responsiveness in critically ill septic patients. Crit Care. 2011;15:R177.
Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, Grundler W, Falk JL, Griffel MI. Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:153–6.
Møller MH, Cecconi M. Venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference: an experimental model or a bedside clinical tool? Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:287–9.
Evans DC, Doraiswamy VA, Prosciak MP, Silviera M, Seamon MJ, Rodriguez Funes V, et al. Complications associated with pulmonary artery catheters: a comprehensive clinical review. Scand J Surg. 2009;98:199–208.
Dueck MH, Klimek M, Appenrodt S, Weigand C, Boerner U. Trends but not individual values of central venous oxygen saturation agree with mixed venous oxygen saturation during varying hemodynamic conditions. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:249–57.
Reinhart K, Kuhn HJ, Hartog C, Bredle DL. Continuous central venous and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1572–8.
Reinhart K, Rudolph T, Bredle DL, Hannemann L, Cain SM. Comparison of central-venous to mixed-venous oxygen saturation during changes in oxygen supply/demand. Chest. 1989;95:1216–21.
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:801–10.
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368–77.
Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Abate NL, Cowan RM, Stauss M, Kilgannon JH, et al. Translating research to clinical practice: a 1-year experience with implementing early goal-directed therapy for septic shock in the emergency department. Chest. 2006;129:225–32.
Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Roshon M. Implementing early goal-directed therapy in the emergency setting: the challenges and experiences of translating research innovations into clinical reality in academic and community settings. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:1072–8.
Rhodes A, Phillips G, Beale R, Cecconi M, Chiche JD, De Backer D, et al. The surviving sepsis campaign bundles and outcome: results from the International Multicentre Prevalence Study on Sepsis (the IMPreSS study). Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1620–8.
ProCESS Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1683–93.
ARISE Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1496–506.
Pope JV, Jones AE, Gaieski DF, Arnold RC, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet) Investigators. Multicenter study of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) as a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55:40–6.
Ince C, Sinaasappel M. Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:1369–77.
Du W, Liu DW, Wang XT, Long Y, Chai WZ, Zhou X, et al. Combining central venous-to-arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide difference and central venous oxygen saturation to guide resuscitation in septic shock. J Crit Care. 2013;28:1110.
Muir AL, Kirby BJ, King AJ, Miller HC. Mixed venous oxygen saturation in relation to cardiac output in myocardial infarction. Br Med J. 1970;4:276–8.
Goldman RH, Braniff B, Harrison DC, Spivack AP. The use of central venous oxygen saturation measurements in a coronary care unit. Ann Intern Med. 1968;68:1280–7.
Creamer JE, Edwards JD, Nightingale P. Hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables in cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction, and response to treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65:1297–300.
Hsin HT, Chen LY, Lin PC, Shieh JS, Ao CV. Central venous oxygen saturation (ScVO2) facilitates the weaning of intra-aortic balloon pump in acute heart failure related to acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:4568–70.
Gallet R, Lellouche N, Mitchell-Heggs L, Bouhemad B, Bensaid A, Dubois-Randé JL, et al. Prognosis value of central venous oxygen saturation in acute decompensated heart failure. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;105:5–12.
Teixeira C, da Silva NB, Savi A, Vieira SR, Nasi LA, Friedman G, et al. Central venous saturation is a predictor of reintubation in difficult-to-wean patients. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:491–6.
Luciano Gattinoni MD, Davide Chiumello MD. Anemia in the intensive care unit: how big is the problem? Transfusion Alternatives Transfusion Med. 2002;4:118–20.
Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:409–17.
Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1381–91.
Collaborative Study Group on Perioperative ScvO2 Monitoring. Multicentre study on peri- and postoperative central venous oxygen saturation in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care. 2006;10:R158.
Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. Changes in central venous saturation after major surgery, and association with outcome. Crit Care. 2005;9:R694–9.
Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, Kelley S, Lieberman J, Noorani M, et al. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA. 1998;279:217–21.
Kobayashi M, Ko M, Irinoda T, Meguro E, Hayakawa Y, et al. Clinical usefulness of continuous central venous oxygen saturation measurement for postoperative management of patients following transthoracic esophagectomy for carcinoma. Esophagus. 2011;8:53–8.
Kocsi S, Demeter G, Fogas J, Erces D, Kaszaki J, Molnar Z. Central venous oxygen saturation is a good indicator of altered oxygen balance in isovolemic anemia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56:291–7.
Mikor A, Trasy D, Nemeth MF, Osztroluczki A, Kocsi S, Kovacs I, et al. Continuous central venous oxygen saturation assisted intraoperative hemodynamic management during major abdominal surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:82.
Nemeth M, Tanczos K, Demeter G, Erces D, Kaszaki J, Mikor A, et al. Central venous oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide gap as resuscitation targets in a hemorrhagic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58:611–9.
Cecconi M, Corredor C, Arulkumaran N, Abuella G, Ball J, Grounds RM, et al. Clinical review: goal-directed therapy-what is the evidence in surgical patients? The effect on different risk groups. Crit Care. 2013;17:209.
Molnar Z, Szabo Z, Nemeth M. Multimodal individualized concept of hemodynamic monitoring. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30:171–7.
Legrand M, Vallée F, Mateo J, Payen D. Influence of arterial dissolved oxygen level on venous oxygen saturation: don’t forget the PaO2! Shock. 2014;41:510–3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Molnar, Z., Nemeth, M. (2019). SvO2/ScvO2. In: Pinsky, M.R., Teboul, JL., Vincent, JL. (eds) Hemodynamic Monitoring. Lessons from the ICU. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69269-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69269-2_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69268-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69269-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)