Abstract
Pocket-size imaging devices, due to their size and weight can be carried around by the physicians and used for bedside monitoring of patients’ status and screening for major abnormalities, even if they offer only basic image acquisition and analysis possibilities. The potential clinical implementation of PSID include the evaluation of the left and right ventricle, pericardial effusion assessment, valve disease assessment, estimation of the right atrial pressure based on size and respiratory changes of inferior vena cava, establishing the diagnosis of ascending aortic dilatation, diagnosing pleural effusion and the presence of B-lines. The availability of hybrid cardiac/linear probe can expand the diagnostic capabilities by e.g. assessment of local complications resulting from the punctures preceding the invasive percutaneous procedures or detection of deep vein thrombosis. The agreement between the results of the PSID examination and the test performed by means of the stationary echocardiographs is high. The simplicity of PSID operation allows for their use in extension of physical examination. However, the basic training requirements are consistent with basic level of echocardiographic examination.
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Abbreviations
- 2D:
-
Two dimensional
- 3D:
-
Three dimensional
- Ao:
-
Aorta
- EF:
-
Ejection fraction
- FA:
-
Femoral artery
- FV:
-
Femoral vein
- ICA:
-
Internal carotid artery
- IVC:
-
Internal vena cava
- LA:
-
Left atrium
- LV:
-
Left ventricular
- PSID:
-
Pocket size imaging device
- RA:
-
Right atrium
- RV:
-
Right ventricle
- TEE:
-
Transesophageal echocardiography
- TTE:
-
Transthoracic echocardiography
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Test
Test
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1.
PSID enables:
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2-D greyscale imaging
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Linear measurements
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3D imaging
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Wireless operation (due to the built-in battery)
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2.
The main advantages of PSID are:
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The size—they can accompany clinicians during the everyday clinical routine
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The broad range of diagnostic feasibilities
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They are extremely easy to operate
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The possibility of advanced digital analysis of recorded images
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3.
The best documented clinical implementation of PSID are:
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left ventricle ejection fraction visual assessment
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right ventricle evaluation by TAPSE measurement
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pericardial effusion assessment
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grading of the aortic stenosis
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4.
Experienced echocardiographers:
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Should complete the special training program in order to efficiently take advantage of the features of the PSID.
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Can increase the diagnostic value of conventional physical examination by augmenting it with short PSID assessment
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Achieved a high agreement between the PSID and stationary echocardiographs examinations results
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According to European Association of Echocardiography the echocardiographic certification training should be expanded with the information regarding the possible usage of PSID in everyday practice.
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5.
The following implementations of portable echocardiographs are suggested by the European Association of Echocardiography:
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Bedside monitoring of the patient status
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The primary assessement of the cardiologic status in the ambulance or ER.
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During the cardiologic consultations
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In the teaching process of the medical students during the clinical classes
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Filipiak-Strzecka, D., Lipiec, P., Kasprzak, J.D. (2018). Handheld Echocardiography. In: Sadeghpour, A., Alizadehasl, A. (eds) Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3_7
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