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The Middle East: Testing the Boundaries of Non-interference

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China and the Middle East

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Abstract

Chinese denials notwithstanding, Beijing’s insistence on non-interference in the domestic affairs of others is a de facto policy akin to the United States’ emphasis on stability in the Middle East and North Africa at the expense of liberal American values. It is a policy for which the United States, Europe, and the international community have paid dearly given that it enabled the violent and often brutal undercurrents of change that are sweeping the Middle East and North Africa as well as the emergence of jihadism, forces that increasingly also threaten Chinese interests.

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Notes

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  13. 13.

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  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

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  16. 16.

    Ibid. Niu

  17. 17.

    Mathieu Duchatel, Oliver Braunel, and Zhou Hang, Protecting China’s Overseas Interest: The Slow Shift Away from Non-interference, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, June 2014, http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP41.pdf

  18. 18.

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  21. 21.

    Ibid. Pan Guang

  22. 22.

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  23. 23.

    Asad Hashim, Pakistan: A slice of China in Islamabad, Al Jazeera, 3 September 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/pakistan-slice-china-islamabad-170830081303813.html

  24. 24.

    Emma Scott, China’s Silk Road: A Foothold in the Suez Canal , but Looking to Israel , China Brief 14, no. 19, 2014, http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/CCS_Commentary_Suez_and_China_ES_2014.pdf

  25. 25.

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  26. 26.

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  27. 27.

    Rami Amichai and Ari Rabinovitc, Chinese firm starts work on new Ashdod port, as Haifa workers strike, 28 October 2014, Haaretz, http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.623216

  28. 28.

    Barak Ravid and Yotam Berger, Israel Accepts Chinese Demand Not to Employ Chinese Laborers in Settlements, Haaretz, 23 April 2017, http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.785055; read more: http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.785055 read more: http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.785055

  29. 29.

    David Barnett (7 September 2013). Al Furqan Brigades claim 2 attacks on ships in Suez Canal , threaten more, The Long War journal, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/09/al_furqan_brigades_claim_two_a.php

  30. 30.

    Dubi Ben-Gedalyahu (29 April 2015). China to be Israel’s biggest infrastructure partner, Globes, http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-china-becoming-israels-biggest-infrastructure-partner-1001031690

  31. 31.

    Gwenn Ackerman, First Chinese Tech Incubator Opens in Tel Aviv Amid Trade Thrust, Bloomberg, 31 March 2016, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-06/for-island-of-500-000-companies-panama-leaks-unleash-storm

  32. 32.

    Abigail Klein Leichman, New Israel-China equity fund to support innovation, Israel 21c, 11 February 2016, http://www.israel21c.org/year-of-the-monkey-rings-in-first-israel-china-equity-fund/

  33. 33.

    Zhang Xiaomi, China , Israel to fund high-tech future, China Daily, 2 June 2016, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2016-06/02/content_25596084.htm

  34. 34.

    Yitzhak Shichor, The Middle East in China’s Foreign Policy, 1949–1977, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977 pp. 160–161

  35. 35.

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China , China’s Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18053.shtml

  36. 36.

    Yiyi Chen, Will China Interfere in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict? Middle East Institute, 6 May 2015, http://www.mei.edu/content/map/will-china-interfere-israeli-palestinian-conflict

  37. 37.

    Ibid. Chen

  38. 38.

    James M. Dorsey, China Needs to Change Mideast Foreign Policy, Bloomberg Business, 7 February 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-07/china-needs-to-change-mideast-foreign-policy-commentary-by-james-dorsey

  39. 39.

    Ibid. Pan Guang

  40. 40.

    Ibid. Fardella

  41. 41.

    Jian Junbo, Beijing’s New Overseas Imperative, Asia Times Online, 17 February 2012, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NB17Ad01.html

  42. 42.

    Aron Shai, “Detachment No Longer Serves Chinese Interests in Middle East ,” Global Times, 2 August 2012, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/724885.shtml

  43. 43.

    Ibid. Jian Junbo

  44. 44.

    Gareth Evans, Responding to atrocities: the new geopolitics of intervention, SIPRI Yearbook, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 30.

  45. 45.

    Chinese State Council, The Diversified Employment of China’s Armed Forces, Defence White Paper, Beijing, April 2013, http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Database/WhitePapers/

  46. 46.

    Ibid. Duchatel, Braunel, and Zhou

  47. 47.

    Mikhail Barabanov, Vasiliy Kashin, and Konstantin Makienko, Shooting Star, China’s Military Machine in the 21st Century, Minneapolis: East View Press, 2012, section 3.1

  48. 48.

    Liu Zhongmin, Political Unrest in the Middle Eas t and China’s Response in Sun Degang and Yahia H. Zoubir (eds), Building a New Silk Road: China and the Middle East in the 21st Century, Shanghai: World Affairs Press, 2014, pp. 106–125

  49. 49.

    Zhou Weilie, On the Strategic Relationship between China and the Middle East Islamic Countries, in in Sun Sun Degang and Yahia H. Zoubir (eds), Building a New Silk Road: China and the Middle East in the 21st Century, Shanghai: World Affairs Press, 2014, pp. 147–177

  50. 50.

    Pang Zhongying, Through Chinese eyes: Pang Zhongying (part 1), The Interpreter, 22 December 2012, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2011/12/22/Through-Chinese-eyes-Pang-Zhongying-(part-1).aspx

  51. 51.

    Beijing Review, New Direction for China’s Diplomacy, 8 March 2012, http://www.bjreview.com.cn/world/txt/2012-03/05/content_439626.htm#

  52. 52.

    Ibid. Lin, China’s Strategic Shift

  53. 53.

    Pakistan Defence, China’s Military Railway Transport, 24 June 2010, http://defence.pk/threads/china%C2%92s-military-railway-transport.62935/

  54. 54.

    John McLaughlin, The Great Powers in the New Middle East in John B. Alterman (ed), Rocky Harbours: Taking Stock of the Middle East in 2015, Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2015

  55. 55.

    Kadira Pethiyagoda, Western dominance on the global stage is coming to an end—we are now entering the era of Chinese influence, The Independent, 29 January 2017, https://www.independent.co.uk/voiceschina-middle-east-conflict-russia-donald-trump-populism-intervention-a7551791.html

  56. 56.

    Xinhua, China Sends 18th Escort to Somali Waters, People’s Daily, 1 August 2014, http://english.people.com.cn/n/2014/0801/c90786-8764152.html

  57. 57.

    Sun Degang Sun, China’s Soft Military Presence in the Middle East , Middle East Institute, 11 March 2015, http://www.mei.edu/content/map/china%E2%80%99s-soft-military-presence-middle-east

  58. 58.

    Ibid. Lin, The New Silk Road

  59. 59.

    Rahul Singh, Indian, Chinese, Pak warships rescue bulk carrier from pirates in Gulf of Aden , The Hindu, 11 April 2017, http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-chinese-pakistani-warships-rescue-bulk-carrier-from-pirates-in-gulf-of-aden/story-TY5zchokfLQOwBRtCJJ9LJ.html

  60. 60.

    Yao Jianing, 24th Chinese naval escort taskforce returns home, Chinese Military 9 March 2017, http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-03/09/content_7521060.htm

  61. 61.

    PK Ghosh, Chinese Nuclear Subs in the Indian Ocean , The Diplomat, 12 April 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/chinese-nuclear-subs-in-the-indian-ocean/

  62. 62.

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  63. 63.

    Abhijit Singh, China’s ‘Maritime Bases’ in the IOR: A Chronicle of Dominance Foretold, Strategic Analysis Vol: 39:3, pp. 296–297.

  64. 64.

    Zhou Bo, The String of Pearls and the Maritime Silk Road , China US Focus, 11 February 2014, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/the-string-of-pearls-and-the-maritime-silk-road/

  65. 65.

    Christopher D. Yung, Ross Rustici, Scott Devary, and Jenny Lin, “Not an Idea We Have to Shun”: Chinese Overseas Basing Requirements in the 21st Century, Washington: National Defense University Press, November 2014, http://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-7.pdf

  66. 66.

    Frank Sieren, Sieren’s China : Military exercises in the Mediterranean , Deutsche Welle, 4 May 2015, http://www.dw.de/sierens-china-military-exercises-in-the-mediterranean/a-18427931

  67. 67.

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  68. 68.

    Mohammad El-Sayed Selim, China’s Emerging Role in the Arab World in in Sun Sun Degang and Yahia H. Zoubir (eds), Building a New Silk Road: China and the Middle East in the 21st Century, Shanghai: World Affairs Press, 2014, pp. 126–143

  69. 69.

    Ibid. Duchatel, Braunel, and Hang

  70. 70.

    The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China , China’s Military Strategy, May 2015, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-05/26/content_20820628.htm

  71. 71.

    John Calabrese, Fate of the Dragon in the Year of the Red Fire Monkey: China and the Middle East 2016, Middle East Institute, 3 February 2016, http://www.mei.edu/content/map/fate-dragon-year-monkey-china-and-middle-east-2016

  72. 72.

    Ibid. Nan Li

  73. 73.

    Liu Xin and Liu Caiyu, China eyes building more aircraft carriers, Global Ties, 20 April 2017, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1043455.shtml

  74. 74.

    Jonathan Holslag, Naval visits accustom Mediterranean to new role, Global Times, 1 August 2012, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/724645.shtml

  75. 75.

    Ibid. Fardella

  76. 76.

    Ibid. Sun Degang Sun

  77. 77.

    United Nations Peacekeeping (2015). Troop and police contributors, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/contributors.shtml

  78. 78.

    Ibid. Duchatel, Braunel, and Hang

  79. 79.

    Ibid. Zhou Bo

  80. 80.

    United States Energy Information Agency, World Oil Transport Chokepoints, 10 November 2014, https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/regions-topics.cfm?RegionTopicID=WOTC

  81. 81.

    Private communication from an informed source, 26 May 2015

  82. 82.

    Deng Yanzi, CMG wants to make African port of Djibouti “new Shekou,” China Daily, 7 March 2017, http://m.chinadaily.com.cn/en/2017-03/07/content_28455386.htm

  83. 83.

    Jeremy Page, China Builds First Overseas Military Outpost, The Wall Street Journal, 19 August 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-builds-first-overseas-military-outpost-1471622690

  84. 84.

    Interviews with the author, 22 August 2016

  85. 85.

    Ibid. The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China , China’s Military Strategy

  86. 86.

    Huang Jingjing, China’s logistic hub in Djibouti to stabilize region, protect interests, Global Times, 15 March 2016, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/973900.shtml

  87. 87.

    Ibid. Jingjing

  88. 88.

    Jane Perlez and Chris Buckley, China Retools Its Military With a First Overseas Outpost in Djibouti , The New York Times, 26 November 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/27/world/asia/china-military-presence-djibouti-africa.html

  89. 89.

    Katrina Manson, Jostling for Djibouti , Financial Times, 1 April 2016, https://next.ft.com/content/8c33eefc-f6c1-11e5-803c-d27c7117d132

  90. 90.

    Ibid. Perlez and Buckley

  91. 91.

    Al Jazeera, China “negotiates military base” in Djibouti , 9 May 2015 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2015/05/150509084913175.html

  92. 92.

    Private communication from an informed source, 26 May 2015

  93. 93.

    Michael Singh, Risks for China , and U.S., in Beijing’s Growing Involvement in Middle East , The Wall Street Journal, 21 May 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/05/20/risks-for-china-and-u-s-in-beijings-growing-involvement-in-middle-east/?mod=WSJ_Politics%20and%20Policy

  94. 94.

    Andrew Jacobs and Jane Perlez, U.S. Wary of Its New Neighbor in Djibouti : A Chinese Naval Base, The New York Times, 25 February 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/25/world/africa/us-djibouti-chinese-naval-base.html/

  95. 95.

    Ibid. Jingjing

  96. 96.

    Thomas Mountain, US vs China in Djibouti , Counterpunch, 17 August 2015, http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/08/17/us-vs-china-in-djibouti/

  97. 97.

    International Monetary Fund, Djibouti 2014 Article IV Consultation—Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for Djibouti , December 2015, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15338.pdf

  98. 98.

    Joshua Landis, China’s Interests in Syria and the Middle East —by Dr. Christina Lin, Syria Comment, 13 November 2016, http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/chinas-interests-syria-middle-east-dr-christina-lin/

  99. 99.

    Caleb Weiss, Turkistan Islamic Party claims using US -made anti-tank missile in northwest Syria , The Long War Journal, 2 December 2015, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/12/turkistan-islamic-party-claims-using-us-made-anti-tank-missile-in-northwest-syria.php

  100. 100.

    Xinhua, Full Text: China’s Military Strategy, 26 May 2015, http://en.people.cn/n/2015/0526/c90785-8897779-7.html

  101. 101.

    China Defense Mashup, Chinese paper advises PLA Navy to build overseas military bases, 8 January 2013, http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/chinese-paper-advises-pla-navy-to-build-overseas-military-bases.html

  102. 102.

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  103. 103.

    Ibid. Nan Li

  104. 104.

    Burak Ege Bekdil and Umit Enginsoy, Turkey , China in Exercises, Defense News, 17 October 2010, http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20101017/DEFFEAT04/10170302/Turkey-China-Exercises

  105. 105.

    BGNNews, China declares it won missile defense tender in Turkey , 15 March 2015, http://national.bgnnews.com/chinese-representative-announces-winning-missile-defense-tender-in-turkey-haberi/4414

  106. 106.

    Altay Atli, A View from Ankara’s Turkey’s Relations with China in a Changing Middle East , Mediterranean Studies, Vol. 26:1, pp. 117–136

  107. 107.

    Ibid. Atli

  108. 108.

    Yeni Safak, China’s banking giant to enter Turkish market, 8 April 2016, http://www.yenisafak.com/en/economy/chinas-banking-giant-to-enter-turkish-market-2448229

  109. 109.

    Ibid. Atli

  110. 110.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgR4VVgfRBc

  111. 111.

    Foundation for Defence of Democracies. Iranian Tools of Oppression and the Companies that Provide Them, July 2011. http://www.defenddemocracy.org/content/uploads/documents/Tools_of_Oppression_Memorandum_-_7.7.20111.pdf

  112. 112.

    Tehran Times, Clerics stand up for rights of Uighur Muslims, 14 July 2009. http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=198757

  113. 113.

    Office of the Supreme Leader, Untitled, 2007, http://porseman.org/q/show.aspx?id=141572

  114. 114.

    Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , Speech of 26 October 1978 in Ayatollah Khomeini on Issues related to the Struggle of the Muslim People of Iran, January 1978–January 1980, San Francisco: Consulate General of the Islamic Republic of Iran, undated

  115. 115.

    Interview with the author, 12 November 1978

  116. 116.

    Author’s observations 1978/1979

  117. 117.

    Reuters, China aims to boost military relations with Iran, 5 May 2014, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/05/05/uk-china-iran-idUKKBN0DL0DU20140505

  118. 118.

    Mark Thompson and James M. Dorsey, Pentagon Pool report, US Department of Defence, 23 July 1987

  119. 119.

    Jane’s Strategic Weapons Systems, Surrey: Jane’s Information Service, Volume 100–101, 1990

  120. 120.

    John W. Garver, China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-Imperial World, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006, pp. 182–189

  121. 121.

    John Garver, China –Iran Relations: Cautious Friendship with America’s Nemesis, China Report, Vol 49:1, pp. 69–88

  122. 122.

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  123. 123.

    United Press International, China opens missile plant in Iran, 23 April 2010, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2010/04/23/China-opens-missile-plant-in-Iran/82791272037022/

  124. 124.

    Michael Mazza, China -Iran Ties: Assessment and Implications for U.S. Policy, American Enterprise Institute, 21 April 2011, http://www.irantracker.org/analysis/michael-mazza-china-iran-ties-assessment-and-implications-us-policy-april-21-2011

  125. 125.

    Zachary Keck, China Calls Iran a “Strategic Partner,” The Diplomat, 6 May 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/china-calls-iran-a-strategic-partner/

  126. 126.

    Scott Harold and Alireza Nader, China and Iran, Economic, Political, and Military Relations, RAND Corporation, 2012, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2012/RAND_OP351.pdf

  127. 127.

    Ben Blanchard, Chinese admiral visits Iran, wants closer defense cooperation, Reuters, 14 October 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-iran-idUSKCN0S907Q20151015

  128. 128.

    US Department of the Treasury, Treasury Sanctions Those Involved in Ballistic Missile Procurement for Iran, 17 January 2016, https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0322.aspx/ US Department of the Treasury, Non-proliferation Designations, 17 January 2016, https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20160117.aspx

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Dorsey, J.M. (2019). The Middle East: Testing the Boundaries of Non-interference. In: China and the Middle East. Global Political Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64355-7_8

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