Abstract
Vascular access is the lifeline of the hemodialysis patient. However, many patients lack early nephrology care that results in late referral for vascular access placement and dialysis initiation with a central venous catheter in 80% of the United States incident dialysis population. Despite these hurdles, arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) have doubled, to 65%, in the United States prevalent hemodialysis population over the last decade. The endovascular revolution has resulted in better rescue and maintenance of established AVF and arteriovenous grafts (AVG). Newer conduits are available for those needing an AVG, and a number of devices have been approved or are in trials to address specific issues, such as high-grade central stenosis, deep AVF, slow maturation, need for immediate cannulation, and persistent backwall injury. Finally, new techniques to deal with distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome, or “steal syndrome,” have been developed.
References
Afaneh, C., Aronova, A., Ross, J. R., & Leeser, D. B. (2012). Use of hybrid vascular grafts in failing access for hemodialysis: Report of two cases. The Journal of Vascular Access, 13, 513–515.
Agarwal, S. K., Nadkarni, G. N., Yacoub, R., Patel, A. A., Jenkins, J. S., Collins, T. J., Annapureddy, N., Kumbala, D., Bodana, S., & Benjo, A. M. (2015). Comparison of cutting balloon angioplasty and percutaneous balloon angioplasty of arteriovenous fistula stenosis: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Interventional Cardiology, 28, 288–295.
Allemang, M. T., Schmotzer, B., Wong, V. L., Chang, A., Lakin, R. O., Woodside, K. J., Wang, J., & Kashyap, V. S. (2014a). Heparin bonding does not improve patency of polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 28, 28–34.
Allemang, M. T., Schmotzer, B., Wong, V. L., Lakin, R. O., Woodside, K. J., Schulak, J. A., Wang, J., & Kashyap, V. S. (2014b). Arteriovenous grafts have higher secondary patency in the short term compared with autologous fistulae. American Journal of Surgery, 208, 800–805.
Allon, M., Dinwiddie, L., Lacson, E., Jr., Latos, D. L., Lok, C. E., Steinman, T., & Weiner, D. E. (2011). Medicare reimbursement policies and hemodialysis vascular access outcomes: A need for change. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 22, 426–430.
Allon, M., Greene, T., Dember, L. M., Vita, J. A., Cheung, A. K., Hamburg, N. M., Imrey, P. B., Kaufman, J. S., Robbin, M. L., Shiu, Y. T., Terry, C. M., Umphrey, H. R., Feldman, H. I., & Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study, G. (2016). Association between Preoperative Vascular Function and Postoperative Arteriovenous Fistula Development. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. Epublished ahead of print. 27, 3788–3795.
Anaya-Ayala, J. E., Davies, M. G., El-Sayed, H. F., Peden, E. K., & Naoum, J. J. (2015). Early experience with a novel hybrid vascular graft for hemodialysis access creation in patients with disadvantaged anatomy. Journal of Endovascular Therapy, 22, 778–785.
Anaya-Ayala, J. E., Smolock, C. J., Colvard, B. D., Naoum, J. J., Bismuth, J., Lumsden, A. B., Davies, M. G., & Peden, E. K. (2011). Efficacy of covered stent placement for central venous occlusive disease in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 54, 754–759.
Asif, A., & Beathard, G. A. (2015). We need to train the trainers. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 10, 1711–1713.
Avenu. 2016. Ellipsys vascular access system [Online]. Avenu Medical, Inc. Available: avenumedical.com/ellipsys/. Accessed 6 July 2016.
Benedetto, B., Lipkowitz, G., Madden, R., Kurbanov, A., Hull, D., Miller, M., & Bow, L. (2001). Use of cryopreserved cadaveric vein allograft for hemodialysis access precludes kidney transplantation because of allosensitization. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 34, 139–142.
Berard, X., Ottaviani, N., Brizzi, V., Deglise, S., De Precigout, V., Ducasse, E., Combe, C., & Midy, D. (2015). Use of the Flixene vascular access graft as an early cannulation solution. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 62, 128–134.
Berman, S. S., Gentile, A. T., Glickman, M. H., Mills, J. L., Hurwitz, R. L., Westerband, A., Marek, J. M., Hunter, G. C., Mcenroe, C. S., Fogle, M. A., & Stokes, G. K. (1997). Distal revascularization-interval ligation for limb salvage and maintenance of dialysis access in ischemic steal syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 26, 393–402.
Bourquelot, P., Tawakol, J. B., Gaudric, J., Natario, A., Franco, G., Turmel-Rodrigues, L., Van Laere, O., & Raynaud, A. (2009). Lipectomy as a new approach to secondary procedure superficialization of direct autogenous forearm radial-cephalic arteriovenous accesses for hemodialysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 50, 369–374.
Bradbury, B. D., Fissell, R. B., Albert, J. M., Anthony, M. S., Critchlow, C. W., Pisoni, R. L., Port, F. K., & Gillespie, B. W. (2007). Predictors of early mortality among incident US hemodialysis patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2, 89–99.
Bronder, C. M., Cull, D. L., Kuper, S. G., Carsten, C. G., Kalbaugh, C. A., Cass, A., Watkins, T., & Taylor, S. M. (2008). Fistula elevation procedure: Experience with 295 consecutive cases during a 7-year period. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 206, 1076–1081.
Carmona, J., Rits, Y., Jones, B., Dowers, L., Bednarski, D., & Rubin, J. R. (2016). Patency of the Viabahn stent graft for the treatment of outflow stenosis in hemodialysis grafts. American Journal of Surgery, 211, 551–554.
Casey, J. R., Hanson, C. S., Winkelmayer, W. C., Craig, J. C., Palmer, S., Strippoli, G. F., & Tong, A. (2014). Patients’ perspectives on hemodialysis vascular access: A systematic review of qualitative studies. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 64, 937–953.
Chan, M. R., Oza-Gajera, B., Chapla, K., Djamali, A. X., Muth, B. L., Turk, J., Wakeen, M., Yevzlin, A. S., & Astor, B. C. (2014). Initial vascular access type in patients with a failed renal transplant. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 9, 1225–1231.
Chemla, E., Velazquez, C. C., D'abate, F., Ramachandran, V., & Maytham, G. (2016). Arteriovenous fistula construction with the VasQ external support device: A pilot study. The Journal of Vascular Access, 17, 243–248.
Chemla, E. S., Nelson, S., & Morsy, M. (2011). Early cannulation grafts in straight axillo-axillary angioaccesses avoid central catheter insertions. Seminars in Dialysis, 24, 456–459.
Chiesa, R., Kahlberg, A., Mascia, D., Tshomba, Y., Civilini, E., & Melissano, G. (2014). Use of a novel hybrid vascular graft for sutureless revascularization of the renal arteries during open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 60, 622–630.
Clinicaltrials.gov. 2016. Safety study of the vascular wrap paclitaxel-eluting mesh for hemodialysis vascular access [Online]. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available: clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01033357. Accessed 8 July 2016.
Cooper, J., Power, A. H., Derose, G., Forbes, T. L., & Dubois, L. (2015). Similar failure and patency rates when comparing one- and two-stage basilic vein transposition. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 61, 809–816.
Crowther, M. A., Clase, C. M., Margetts, P. J., Julian, J., Lambert, K., Sneath, D., Nagai, R., Wilson, S., & Ingram, A. J. (2002). Low-intensity warfarin is ineffective for the prevention of PTFE graft failure in patients on hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13, 2331–2337.
Cui, J., Steele, D., Wenger, J., Kawai, T., Liu, F., Elias, N., Watkins, M. T., & Irani, Z. (2016). Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula as first option not necessary in elderly patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 63, 1326–1332.
Dalrymple, L. S., Mu, Y., Nguyen, D. V., Romano, P. S., Chertow, G. M., Grimes, B., Kaysen, G. A., & Johansen, K. L. (2015). Risk Factors for Infection-Related Hospitalization in In-Center Hemodialysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 10, 2170–2180.
Davidson, I., Hackerman, C., Kapadia, A., & Minhajuddib, A. (2009). Heparin bonded hemodialysis e-PTFE grafts result in 20% clot free survival benefit. The Journal of Vascular Access, 10, 153–156.
Davies, M. G., Anaya-Ayala, J. E., & El-Sayed, H. F. (2016). Equivalent outcomes with standard and heparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts used as conduits for hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 64, 715–718.
De Marco Garcia, L. P., Davila-Santini, L. R., Feng, Q., Calderin, J., Krishnasastry, K. V., & Panetta, T. F. (2010). Primary balloon angioplasty plus balloon angioplasty maturation to upgrade small-caliber veins (<3 mm) for arteriovenous fistulas. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 52, 139–144.
Dember, L. M., Beck, G. J., Allon, M., et al. (2008). Effect of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 299, 2164–2171.
Dixon, B. S., Beck, G. J., Dember, L. M., Vazquez, M. A., Greenberg, A., Delmez, J. A., Allon, M., Himmelfarb, J., Hu, B., Greene, T., Radeva, M. K., Davidson, I. J., Ikizler, T. A., Braden, G. L., Lawson, J. H., Cotton, J. R., Kusek, J. W., Feldman, H. I., & Group, F. T. D. A. C. S. (2011). Use of aspirin associates with longer primary patency of hemodialysis grafts. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 22, 773–781.
Dixon, B. S., Beck, G. J., Vazquez, M. A., Greenberg, A., Delmez, J. A., Allon, M., Dember, L. M., Himmelfarb, J., Gassman, J. J., Greene, T., Radeva, M. K., Davidson, I. J., Ikizler, T. A., Braden, G. L., Fenves, A. Z., Kaufman, J. S., Cotton, J. R. J., Martin, K. J., Mcneil, J. W., Rahman, A., Lawson, J. H., Whiting, J. F., Hu, B., Meyers, C. M., Kusek, J. W., & Feldman, H. I. (2009). Effect of dipyridamole plus aspirin on hemodialysis graft patency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 2191–2201.
Dubose, J. J., Fortuna, G. R., Charlton-Ouw, K. M., Saqib, N., Miller, C. C., 3rd, Estrera, A. L., Safi, H. J., & Azizzadeh, A. (2016). Utility of a tubularized extracellular matrix as an alternative conduit for arteriovenous fistula aneurysm repair. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 63, 446–452.
Dwivedi, A. J., Roy-Chaudhury, P., Peden, E. K., Browne, B. J., Ladenheim, E. D., Scavo, V. A., Gustafson, P. N., Wong, M. D., Magill, M., Lindow, F., Blair, A. T., Jaff, M. R., Franano, F. N., & Burke, S. K. (2014). Application of human type I pancreatic elastase (PRT-201) to the venous anastomosis of arteriovenous grafts in patients with chronic kidney disease. The Journal of Vascular Access, 15, 376–384.
Ebner, A., Ross, J. R., Setum, C. M., Kallok, M. J., & Yevzlin, A. S. (2016). Transcatheter anastomosis connector system for vascular access graft placement: Results from a first-in-human pilot study. The Journal of Vascular Access, 17, 111–117.
Ene-Iordache, B., Cattaneo, L., Dubini, G., & Remuzzi, A. (2013). Effect of anastomosis angle on the localization of disturbed flow in 'side-to-end' fistulae for haemodialysis access. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 28, 997–1005.
Englesbe, M. J., Al-Holou, W. N., Moyer, A. T., Robbins, J., Pelletier, S. J., Magee, J., Sung, R. S., Campbell, D., & Punch, J. D. (2006). Single center review of femoral arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis. World Journal of Surgery, 30, 171–175.
Erickson, K. F., Mell, M., Winkelmayer, W. C., Chertow, G. M., & Bhattacharya, J. (2015). Provider visits and early vascular access placement in maintenance hemodialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 26, 1990–1997.
Farber, A., Imrey, P. B., Huber, T. S., Kaufman, J. M., Kraiss, L. W., Larive, B., LI, L., Feldman, H. I., & Group, H. F. M. S. (2016). Multiple preoperative and intraoperative factors predict early fistula thrombosis in the Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Study. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 63, 163–170.
Ferring, M., Claridge, M., Smith, S. A., & Wilmink, T. (2010). Routine preoperative vascular ultrasound improves patency and use of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: A randomized trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 5, 2236–2244.
Fiskerstrand, C. E., Thompson, I. W., Burnet, M. E., Williams, P., & Anderton, J. L. (1985). Double-blind randomized trial of the effect of ticlopidine in arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Artificial Organs, 9, 61–63.
Galt, S., Crawford, M., Blebea, J., Ladenheim, E., & Browne, B. (2016). The efficacy and durability of the Venous Window Needle Guide implanted on uncannulatable arteriovenous fistulas. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 64, 708–714.
Geenen, I. L., Nyilas, L., Stephen, M. S., Makeham, V., White, G. H., & Verran, D. J. (2010). Prosthetic lower extremity hemodialysis access grafts have satisfactory patency despite a high incidence of infection. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 52, 1546–1550.
Georgiadis, G. S., Georgakarakos, E. I., Antoniou, G. A., Panagoutsos, S., Argyriou, C., Mourvati, E., Passadakis, P., & Lazarides, M. K. (2014). Correlation of pre-existing radial artery macrocalcifications with late patency of primary radiocephalic fistulas in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 60, 462–470.
Ghorbani, A., Aalamshah, M., Shahbazian, H., Ehsanpour, A., & Aref, A. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of clopidogrel to prevent primary arteriovenous fistula failure in hemodialysis patients. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 19, 57–61.
Glickman, M. H., Burgess, J., Cull, D., Roy-Chaudhury, P., & Schanzer, H. (2015). Prospective multicenter study with a 1-year analysis of a new vascular graft used for early cannulation in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 62, 434–441.
Goh, M. A., Ali, J. M., Iype, S., & Pettigrew, G. J. (2016). Outcomes of primary arteriovenous fistulas in patients older than 70 years. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 63, 1333–1340.
Goodkin, D. A., Pisoni, R. L., Locatelli, F., Port, F. K., & Saran, R. (2010). Hemodialysis vascular access training and practices are key to improved access outcomes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 56, 1032–1042.
Gröntoft, K. C., Larsson, R., Mulec, H., Weiss, L. G., & Dickinson, J. P. (1998). Effects of ticlopidine in AV-fistula surgery in uremia. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 32, 276–283.
Gröntoft, K. C., Mulec, H., Gutierrez, A., & Olander, R. (1985). Thromboprophylactic effect of ticlopidine in arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 19, 55–57.
Harms, J. C., Rangarajan, S., Young, C. J., Barker-Finkel, J., & Allon, M. (2016). Outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas and grafts with or without intervention before successful use. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 64, 155–162.
Heise, M., Husmann, I., Gruneberg, A. K., Knobel, A., Kirschner, P., & Heidenhain, C. (2011). Comparison of straight and Venaflo-type cuffed arteriovenous ePTFE grafts in an animal study. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 53, 1661–1667.
Hiremath, S., Knoll, G., & Weinstein, M. C. (2011). Should the arteriovenous fistula be created before starting dialysis?: A decision analytic approach. PLoS One, 6, e28453.
Hull, J. E., Balakin, B. V., Kellerman, B. M., & Wrolstad, D. K. (2013). Computational fluid dynamic evaluation of the side-to-side anastomosis for arteriovenous fistula. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 58, 187–193.
Hull, J. E., Velez, J. H., & Martinez, J. P. (2014). Percutaneous proximal radial artery arteriovenous fistula creation for hemodialysis using the Ellipsys vascular access system. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 25, S20.
Hunter, G. C., Woodside, K. J., & Naoum, J. J. (2009). Healing characteristics and complications of prosthetic and biological vascular grafts. In J. W. J. Hallett, J. L. Mills, J. J. Earnshaw, J. A. Reekers, & T. W. Rooke (Eds.), Comprehensive vascular and endovascular surgery (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby.
Hye, R. J., Peden, E. K., O'connor, T. P., Browne, B. J., Dixon, B. S., Schanzer, A. S., Jensik, S. C., Dember, L. M., Jaff, M. R., & Burke, S. K. (2014). Human type I pancreatic elastase treatment of arteriovenous fistulas in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 60, 454–461.
Inkollu, S., Wellen, J., Beller, Z., Zhang, T., Vachharajani, N., & Shenoy, S. (2016). Successful use of minimal incision superficialization technique for arteriovenous fistula maturation. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 63, 1018–1025.
Innavasc. 2016. Bullet proof vascular access graft [Online]. InnAVasc Medical, Inc. Available: innavasc.com/technologies. Accessed 6 July 2016.
Itoga, N. K., Ullery, B. W., Tran, K., Lee, G. K., Aalami, O. O., Bech, F. R., & Zhou, W. (2016). Use of a proactive duplex ultrasound protocol for hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular Surgery 64, 1042–1049.
Jadlowiec, C. C., Lavallee, M., Mannion, E. M., & Brown, M. G. (2015). An outcomes comparison of native arteriovenous fistulae, polytetrafluorethylene grafts, and cryopreserved vein allografts. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 29, 1642–1647.
Jadlowiec, C. C., Lavallee, M., Mannion, E. M., Lally, A., Rochon, C., Sheiner, P. A., & Brown, M. G. (2016). Current outcomes and indications for cryopreserved vein allografts in hemodialysis access surgery. The Journal of Vascular Access, 17, 47–54.
Jassal, S. V., Karaboyas, A., Comment, L. A., Bieber, B. A., Morgenstern, H., Sen, A., Gillespie, B. W., De Sequera, P., Marshall, M. R., Fukuhara, S., Robinson, B. M., Pisoni, R. L., & Tentori, F. (2016). Functional dependence and mortality in the international dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67, 283–292.
Jennings, W. C., Sideman, M. J., Taubman, K. E., & Broughan, T. A. (2009). Brachial vein transposition arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 50, 1121–1125.
Jones, R. G., & Inston, N. G. (2015). Commentary: The hybrid vascular graft: A new frontier in arteriovenous access for dialysis or just another graft? Journal of Endovascular Therapy, 22, 786–788.
Jones, R. G., Willis, A. P., Jones, C., Mccafferty, I. J., & Riley, P. L. (2011). Long-term results of stent-graft placement to treat central venous stenosis and occlusion in hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistulas. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 22, 1240–1245.
Kadatz, M. J., Lee, E. S., & Levin, A. (2016). Predicting progression in CKD: Perspectives and precautions. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67, 779–786.
Kakkos, S. K., Topalidis, D., Haddad, R., Haddad, G. K., & Shepard, A. D. (2011). Long-term complication and patency rates of Vectra and IMPRA Carboflo vascular access grafts with aggressive monitoring, surveillance and endovascular management. Vascular, 19, 21–28.
Kalloo, S., & Wish, J. B. (2016). Nephrologists versus peripherally inserted central catheters: Are the PICCs winning? Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, 1333–1334.
Kalman, P. G., Pope, M., Bhola, C., Richardson, R., & Sniderman, K. W. (1999). A practical approach to vascular access for hemodialysis and predictors of success. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 30, 727–733.
Katzman, H. E., Glickman, M. H., Schild, A. F., Fujitani, R. M., & Lawson, J. H. (2005). Multicenter evaluation of the bovine mesenteric vein bioprostheses for hemodialysis access in patients with an earlier failed prosthetic graft. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 201, 223–230.
Katzman, H. E., Mclafferty, R. B., Ross, J. R., Glickman, M. H., Peden, E. K., & Lawson, J. H. (2009). Initial experience and outcome of a new hemodialysis access device for catheter-dependent patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 50, 600–607.
Kennealey, P. T., Elias, N., Hertl, M., Ko, D. S., Saidi, R. F., Markmann, J. F., Smoot, E. E., Schoenfeld, D. A., & Kawai, T. (2011). A prospective, randomized comparison of bovine carotid artery and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene for permanent hemodialysis vascular access. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 53, 1640–1648.
Kitrou, P. M., Katsanos, K., Spiliopoulos, S., Karnabatidis, D., & Siablis, D. (2015a). Drug-eluting versus plain balloon angioplasty for the treatment of failing dialysis access: Final results and cost-effectiveness analysis from a prospective randomized controlled trial (NCT01174472). European Journal of Radiology, 84, 418–423.
Kitrou, P. M., Spiliopoulos, S., Katsanos, K., Papachristou, E., Siablis, D., & Karnabatidis, D. (2015b). Paclitaxel-coated versus plain balloon angioplasty for dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae: One-year results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 26, 348–354.
Knox, R. C., Berman, S. S., Hughes, J. D., Gentile, A. T., & Mills, J. L. (2002). Distal revascularization-interval ligation: A durable and effective treatment for ischemic steal syndrome after hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 36, 250–255.
Ko, P. J., Liu, Y. H., Hung, Y. N., & Hsieh, H. C. (2009). Patency rates of cuffed and noncuffed extended polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in dialysis access: A prospective, randomized study. World Journal of Surgery, 33, 846–851.
Konner, K., Lomonte, C., & Basile, C. (2013). Placing a primary arteriovenous fistula that works – More or less known aspects, new ideas. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 28, 781–784.
Krafcik, B. M., Sachs, T. E., Farber, A., Eslami, M. H., Kalish, J. A., Shah, N. K., Peacock, M. R., & Siracuse, J. J. (2016). Assessment of open operative vascular surgical experience among general surgery residents. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 63, 1110–1115.
Kudlaty, E. A., Pan, J., Allemang, M. T., Kendrick, D. E., Kashyap, V. S., & Wong, V. L. (2015). The end stage of dialysis access: Femoral graft or HeRO vascular access device. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 29, 90–97.
Kumar, S., Seward, J., Wilcox, A., & Torella, F. (2010). Influence of muscle training on resting blood flow and forearm vessel diameter in patients with chronic renal failure. The British Journal of Surgery, 97, 835–838.
Lawson, J. H., Glickman, M. H., Ilzecki, M., Jakimowicz, T., Jaroszynski, A., Peden, E. K., Pilgrim, A. J., Prichard, H. L., Guziewicz, M., Przywara, S., Szmidt, J., Turek, J., Witkiewicz, W., Zapotoczny, N., Zubilewicz, T., & Niklason, L. E. (2016). Bioengineered human acellular vessels for dialysis access in patients with end-stage renal disease: Two phase 2 single-arm trials. Lancet, 387, 2026–2034.
Leaf, D. A., Macrae, H. S., Grant, E., & Kraut, J. (2003). Isometric exercise increases the size of forearm veins in patients with chronic renal failure. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 325, 115–119.
Leake, A. E., Yuo, T. H., Wu, T., Fish, L., Dillavou, E. D., Chaer, R. A., Leers, S. A., & Makaroun, M. S. (2015). Arteriovenous grafts are associated with earlier catheter removal and fewer catheter days in the United States Renal Data System population. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 62, 123–127.
Lennartz, C. S., Pickering, J. W., Seiler-Mussler, S., Bauer, L., Untersteller, K., Emrich, I. E., Zawada, A. M., Radermacher, J., Tangri, N., Fliser, D., & Heine, G. H. (2016). External validation of the kidney failure risk equation and re-calibration with addition of ultrasound parameters. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11, 609–615.
Leon, C., & Asif, A. (2007). Arteriovenous access and hand pain: The distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2, 175–183.
Lin, S. L., Huang, C. H., Chen, H. S., Hsu, W. A., Yen, C. J., & Yen, T. S. (1998). Effects of age and diabetes on blood flow rate and primary outcome of newly created hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. American Journal of Nephrology, 18, 96–100.
Malas, M. B., Canner, J. K., Hicks, C. W., Arhuidese, I. J., Zarkowsky, D. S., Qazi, U., Schneider, E. B., Black, J. H., 3rd, Segev, D. L., & Freischlag, J. A. (2015). Trends in incident hemodialysis access and mortality. JAMA Surgery, 150, 441–448.
Malinzak, E. B., & Gan, T. J. (2009). Regional anesthesia for vascular access surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 109, 976–980.
Marks, A., Fluck, N., Prescott, G. J., Robertson, L., Simpson, W. G., Cairns Smith, W., & Black, C. (2015). Looking to the future: Predicting renal replacement outcomes in a large community cohort with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 30, 1507–1517.
Martin, J. D., Warble, P. B., Hupp, J. A., Mapes, J. E., Stanziale, S. F., Weiss, L. L., Schiller, T. B., & Hanson, L. A. (2010). A real world analysis of payment per unit time in a Maryland Vascular Practice. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 52, 1094–1098.
Matsuura, J. H., Johansen, K. H., Rosenthal, D., Clark, M. D., Clarke, K. A., & Kirby, L. B. (2000). Cryopreserved femoral vein grafts for difficult hemodialysis access. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 14, 50–55.
Mcallister, T. N., Maruszewski, M., Garrido, S. A., Wystrychowski, W., Dusserre, N., Marini, A., Zagalski, K., Fiorillo, A., Avila, H., Manglano, X., Antonelli, J., Kocher, A., Zembala, M., Cierpka, L., De La Fuente, L. M., & L'heureux, N. (2009). Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissue-engineered vascular graft: A multicentre cohort study. Lancet, 373, 1440–1446.
Mcgill, R. L., Ruthazer, R., Meyer, K. B., Miskulin, D. C., & Weiner, D. E. (2016). Peripherally inserted central catheters and hemodialysis outcomes. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, 1434–1440.
Mcmillan, W. D., Leville, C. D., & Hile, C. N. (2012). Bovine pericardial patch repair in infected fields. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 55, 1712–1715.
Miles Maliska, C., 3rd, Jennings, W., & Mallios, A. (2015). When arteriovenous fistulas are too deep: Options in obese individuals. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 221, 1067–1072.
Miller, G. A., Goel, N., Friedman, A., Khariton, A., Jotwani, M. C., Savransky, Y., Khariton, K., Arnold, W. P., & Preddie, D. C. (2010). The MILLER banding procedure is an effective method for treating dialysis-associated steal syndrome. Kidney International, 77, 359–366.
Miller, G. A., Goel, N., Khariton, A., Friedman, A., Savransky, Y., Trusov, I., Jotwani, K., Savransky, E., Preddie, D., & Arnold, W. P. (2009). Aggressive approach to salvage non-maturing arteriovenous fistulae: A retrospective study with follow-up. The Journal of Vascular Access, 10, 183–191.
Mironov, V., & Kasyanov, V. (2009). Emergence of clinical vascular tissue engineering. Lancet, 373, 1402–1404.
Morsy, A. H., Kulbaski, M., Chen, C., Isiklar, H., & Lumsden, A. B. (1998). Incidence and characteristics of patients with hand ischemia after a hemodialysis access procedure. The Journal of Surgical Research, 74, 8–10.
Nassar, G. M., Glickman, M. H., Mclafferty, R. B., Croston, J. K., Zarge, J. I., Katzman, H. E., Peden, E. K., Lawson, J. H., Martinez, J. M., & Thackeray, L. (2014). A comparison between the HeRO graft and conventional arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients. Seminars in Dialysis, 27, 310–318.
Nikam, M., Chemla, E. S., Evans, J., Summers, A., Brenchley, P., Tavakoli, A., Roy-Chaudhury, P., & Mitra, S. (2015). Prospective controlled pilot study of arteriovenous fistula placement using the novel Optiflow device. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 61, 1020–1025.
Nkf. (2006). National Kidney Foundation’s Vascular Access Work Group. KDOQI Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 48(Suppl 1), S176–S247.
O'Hare, A. M., Wong, S. P., Yu, M. K., Wynar, B., Perkins, M., Liu, C. F., Lemon, J. M., & Hebert, P. L. (2015). Trends in the timing and clinical context of maintenance dialysis initiation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 26, 1975–1981.
Oder, T. F., Teodorescu, V., & Uribarri, J. (2003). Effect of exercise on the diameter of arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis patients. ASAIO Journal, 49, 554–555.
Parekh, V. B., Niyyar, V. D., & Vachharajani, T. J. (2016). Lower extremity permanent dialysis vascular access. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, 1693–1702.
Paulson, W. D., Kipshidze, N., Kipiani, K., Beridze, N., Devita, M. V., Shenoy, S., & Iyer, S. S. (2012). Safety and efficacy of local periadventitial delivery of sirolimus for improving hemodialysis graft patency: First human experience with a sirolimus-eluting collagen membrane (Coll-R). Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 27, 1219–1224.
Peden, E. K., Leeser, D. B., Dixon, B. S., El-Khatib, M. T., Roy-Chaudhury, P., Lawson, J. H., Menard, M. T., Dember, L. M., Glickman, M. H., Gustafson, P. N., Blair, A. T., Magill, M., Franano, F. N., & Burke, S. K. (2013). A multi-center, dose-escalation study of human type I pancreatic elastase (PRT-201) administered after arteriovenous fistula creation. The Journal of Vascular Access, 14, 143–151.
Perl, J., Zhang, J., Gillespie, B., Wikstrom, B., Fort, J., Hasegawa, T., Fuller, D. S., Pisoni, R. L., Robinson, B. M., & Tentori, F. (2012). Reduced survival and quality of life following return to dialysis after transplant failure: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 27, 4464–4472.
Pisoni, R. L., Arrington, C. J., Albert, J. M., Ethier, J., Kimata, N., Krishnan, M., Rayner, H. C., Saito, A., Sands, J. J., Saran, R., Gillespie, B., Wolfe, R. A., & Port, F. K. (2009). Facility hemodialysis vascular access use and mortality in countries participating in DOPPS: An instrumental variable analysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 53, 475–491.
Plato, S. A., 2nd, Kudlaty, E. A., Allemang, M. T., Kendrick, D. E., Wong, V. L., Wang, J. C., & Kashyap, V. S. (2016). Elevated peak systolic velocity and velocity ratio from duplex ultrasound are associated with hemodynamically significant lesions in arteriovenous access. Annals of Vascular Surgery 35, 68–74.
Polkinghorne, K. R., Seneviratne, M., & Kerr, P. G. (2009). Effect of a vascular access nurse coordinator to reduce central venous catheter use in incident hemodialysis patients: A quality improvement report. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 53, 99–106.
Rajan, D. K. (2016). New approaches to arteriovenous fistula creation. Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 33, 6–9.
Rajan, D. K., Ebner, A., Desai, S. B., Rios, J. M., & Cohn, W. E. (2015). Percutaneous creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 26, 484–490.
Rajan, D. K., & Falk, A. (2015). A randomized prospective study comparing outcomes of angioplasty versus VIABAHN stent-graft placement for cephalic arch stenosis in dysfunctional hemodialysis accesses. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 26, 1355–1361.
Ravani, P., Palmer, S. C., Oliver, M. J., Quinn, R. R., Macrae, J. M., Tai, D. J., Pannu, N. I., Thomas, C., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Craig, J. C., Manns, B., Tonelli, M., Strippoli, G. F., & James, M. T. (2013). Associations between hemodialysis access type and clinical outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 24, 465–473.
Ribichini, F., Joner, M., Ferrero, V., Finn, A. V., Crimins, J., Nakazawa, G., Acampado, E., Kolodgie, F. D., Vassanelli, C., & Virmani, R. (2007). Effects of oral prednisone after stenting in a rabbit model of established atherosclerosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50, 176–185.
Rodriguez Moran, M., Almazan Enriquez, A., Ramos Boyero, M., Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. M., & Gomez Alonso, A. (1984). Hand exercise effect in maturation and blood flow of dialysis arteriovenous fistulas ultrasound study. Angiology, 35, 641–644.
Roy-Chaudhury, P., & Kruska, L. (2015). Future directions for vascular access for hemodialysis. Seminars in Dialysis, 28, 107–113.
Roy-Chaudhury, P., Lee, T., Woodle, B., Wadehra, D., Campos-Naciff, B., & Munda, R. (2012). Balloon-assisted maturation (BAM) of the arteriovenous fistula: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Seminars in Nephrology, 32, 558–563.
Salimi, F., Majd Nassiri, G., Moradi, M., Keshavarzian, A., Farajzadegan, Z., Saleki, M., Nikpoor, A., & Ghane, M. (2013). Assessment of effects of upper extremity exercise with arm tourniquet on maturity of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. The Journal of Vascular Access, 14, 239–244.
Saran, R., Elder, S. J., Goodkin, D. A., Akiba, T., Ethier, J., Rayner, H. C., Saito, A., Young, E. W., Gillespie, B. W., Merion, R. M., & Pisoni, R. L. (2008). Enhanced training in vascular access creation predicts arteriovenous fistula placement and patency in hemodialysis patients: Results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Annals of Surgery, 247, 885–891.
Saran, R., Li, Y., Robinson, B., Abbott, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y., Ayanian, J., Bragg-Gresham, J., Balkrishnan, R., Chen, J. L., Cope, E., Eggers, P. W., Gillen, D., Gipson, D., Hailpern, S. M., Hall, Y. N., He, K., Herman, W., Heung, M., Hirth, R. A., Hutton, D., Jacobsen, S. J., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kovesdy, C. P., Lu, Y., Molnar, M. Z., Morgenstern, H., Nallamothu, B., Nguyen, D. V., O'hare, A. M., Plattner, B., Pisoni, R., Port, F. K., Rao, P., Rhee, C. M., Sakhuja, A., Schaubel, D. E., Selewski, D. T., Shahinian, V., Sim, J. J., Song, P., Streja, E., Kurella Tamura, M., Tentori, F., White, S., Woodside, K., & Hirth, R. A. (2016). US Renal Data System 2015 annual data report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67, A7–S434.
Shah, A. S., Valdes, J., Charlton-Ouw, K. M., Chen, Z., Coogan, S. M., Amer, H. M., Estrera, A. L., Safi, H. J., & Azizzadeh, A. (2012). Endovascular treatment of hemodialysis access pseudoaneurysms. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 55, 1058–1062.
Shemesh, D., Goldin, I., Hijazi, J., Zaghal, I., Berelowitz, D., Verstandig, A., & Olsha, O. (2015). A prospective randomized study of heparin-bonded graft (Propaten) versus standard graft in prosthetic arteriovenous access. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 62, 115–122.
Slinin, Y., Guo, H., Li, S., Liu, J., Morgan, B., Ensrud, K., Gilbertson, D. T., Collins, A. J., & Ishani, A. (2014). Provider and care characteristics associated with timing of dialysis initiation. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 9, 310–317.
Son, A., Mannoia, K., Herrera, A., Chizari, M., Hagdoost, M., & Molkara, A. (2016). Dialysis access surgery: Does anesthesia type affect maturation and complication rates? Annals of Vascular Surgery, 33, 116–119.
Sorom, A. J., Hughes, C. B., Mccarthy, J. T., Jenson, B. M., Prieto, M., Panneton, J. M., Sterioff, S., Stegall, M. D., & Nyberg, S. L. (2002). Prospective, randomized evaluation of a cuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for hemodialysis vascular access. Surgery, 132, 135–140.
Steerman, S. N., Wagner, J., Higgins, J. A., Kim, C., Mirza, A., Pavela, J., Panneton, J. M., & Glickman, M. H. (2013). Outcomes comparison of HeRO and lower extremity arteriovenous grafts in patients with long-standing renal failure. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 57, 776–783. discussion 782-3.
Uy, A. L., Jindal, R. M., Herndon, T. W., Yuan, C. M., Abbott, K. C., & Hurst, F. P. (2013). Impact of isometric handgrip exercises on cephalic vein diameter in non-AVF candidates, a pilot study. The Journal of Vascular Access, 14, 157–163.
Vasctek. 2016. Rapidax II [Online]. Available: www.vascutek.com/vascutek/products/item/rapidax. Accessed 6 July 2016.
Vassalotti, J. A., Jennings, W. C., Beathard, G. A., Neumann, M., Caponi, S., Fox, C. H., Spergel, L. M., & Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative Community Education, C. (2012). Fistula first breakthrough initiative: Targeting catheter last in fistula first. Seminars in Dialysis, 25, 303–310.
Veroux, P., Giaquinta, A., Tallarita, T., Sinagra, N., Virgilio, C., Zerbo, D., Gloviczki, P., & Veroux, M. (2013). Primary balloon angioplasty of small (</=2 mm) cephalic veins improves primary patency of arteriovenous fistulae and decreases reintervention rates. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 57, 131–136.
Woodside, K. J., Bell, S., Eckard, A. R., Plattner, B. W., Schaubel, D. E., Dasmunshi, S., Mukhopadhyay, P., Pearson, J., Pisoni, R. L. & Saran, R. 2016a. Arteriovenous fistula maturation in patients on hemodialysis: Results from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) (Manuscript in preparation).
Woodside, K. J., Ratkowiak, K., Mukhopadhyay, P., Dharmarajan, S. H., Plattner, B. W., Schaubel, D. E., Saran, R. & Pisoni, R. 2016b. Procedural burden during arteriovenous fistula maturation following operative placement: An analysis of the United States Renal Data System (Manuscript in preparation).
Woodside, K. J., Schirm, Z. W., Noon, K. A., Huml, A. M., Padiyar, A., Sanchez, E. Q., Sarabu, N., Hricik, D. E., Schulak, J. A., & Augustine, J. J. (2014). Fever, infection, and rejection after kidney transplant failure. Transplantation, 97, 648–653.
Wystrychowski, W., Mcallister, T. N., Zagalski, K., Dusserre, N., Cierpka, L., & L'heureux, N. (2014). First human use of an allogeneic tissue-engineered vascular graft for hemodialysis access. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 60, 1353–1357.
Zanow, J., Kruger, U., & Scholz, H. (2006). Proximalization of the arterial inflow: A new technique to treat access-related ischemia. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 43, 1216–1221.
Zhang, J. C., Al-Jaishi, A., Perl, J., Garg, A. X., & Moist, L. M. (2015). Hemodialysis arteriovenous vascular access creation after kidney transplant failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 66, 646–654.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Koller, F.L., Woodside, K.J. (2017). Advances in Vascular Access. In: Nadig, S., Wertheim, J. (eds) Technological Advances in Organ Transplantation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62142-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62142-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62141-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62142-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)