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Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction pp 619–627Cite as

Nipple Reconstruction: Risk Factors and Complications

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Abstract

The authors discuss the anatomy of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) and the history of the nipple-areolar reconstruction and then describe techniques of nipple reconstruction and outcomes with local flaps, graft-based nipple reconstruction and nipple sharing, nipple augmentation, nipple tattooing and 3D nipple tattooing, and timing of nipple reconstruction. Outcomes are described. General principles can be applied to maximize outcomes such as minimizing tension, designing the pedicle away from existing scars, and providing a wide base to the pedicle to allow adequate blood supply. Loss of projection with time is inevitable and related to wound contracture and applied external pressure.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 770 Welch Road, Suite 400, Palo Alto, CA, 34304, USA

    Gabrielle B. Davis M.D., M.S., Travis Miller M.D. & Gordon Lee M.D.

Authors
  1. Gabrielle B. Davis M.D., M.S.
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  2. Travis Miller M.D.
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  3. Gordon Lee M.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabrielle B. Davis M.D., M.S. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Private Practice, Tustin, California, USA

    Melvin A. Shiffman

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Davis, G.B., Miller, T., Lee, G. (2018). Nipple Reconstruction: Risk Factors and Complications. In: Shiffman, M. (eds) Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60925-6_75

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60925-6_75

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60924-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60925-6

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