Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gastro-oesophageal Reflux and Probiotic

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children

  • 1049 Accesses

Abstract

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) refers to retrograde movement of gastric contents out of the stomach with or without regurgitation and vomiting.

Regurgitation is defined as the passage of refluxed gastric content into the oral pharynx whilst vomiting is defined as expulsion of the refluxed gastric content from the mouth. The frequency of regurgitation may vary largely in relation to age and younger infants up to first month of age are more frequently affected by regurgitation. The effect of the intestinal microflora in the pathophysiology of GER and regurgitation is becoming in the last few years more evident even though the exact mechanisms of interaction between the intestinal bacteria and host are still unknown. Probiotic might play an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by modulating intestinal barrier function, immunity, motility and influencing the gut brain interaction. The role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of GER could represent a promising field of research in the next future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Benninga MA, Nurko S, Faure C, Hyman PE, St. James Roberts I, Schechter NL. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1443–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Bisceglia M, Cavallo L, Francavilla R. The effects of probiotics on feeding tolerance, bowel habits, and gastrointestinal motility in preterm newborns. J Pediatr. 2008;152(6):801–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Bisceglia M, Filannino A, Cavallo L, Francavilla R. Lactobacillus reuteri accelerates gastric emptying and improves regurgitation in infants. Eur J Clin Investig. 2011 Apr;41(4):417–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Indrio F, Di Mauro A, Riezzo G, Civardi E, Intini C, Corvaglia L, Ballardini E, Bisceglia M, Cinquetti M, Brazzoduro E, Del Vecchio A, Tafuri S, Francavilla R. Prophylactic use of a probiotic in the prevention of colic, regurgitation, and functional constipation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(3):228–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lombardo L, Foti M, Ruggia O, et al. Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatology. 2010;8:504–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lo WK, Chan WW. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:483–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Del Piano M, Anderloni A, Balzarini M, Ballarè M, Carmagnola S, Montino F, Orsello M, Pagliarulo M, Tari R, Soattini L, Sforza F, Mogna L, Mogna G. The innovative potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR06, Lactobacillus pentosus LPS01, Lactobacillus plantarum LP01, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii Subsp. delbrueckii LDD01 to restore the “gastric barrier effect” in patients chronically treated with PPI: a pilot study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(Suppl):S18–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Compare D, Rocco A, Sgamato C, Coccoli P, Campo SM, Nazionale I, Larussa T, Luzza F, Chiodini P, Nardone G. Lactobacillus paracasei F19 versus placebo for the prevention of proton pump inhibitor-induced bowel symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(4):273–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hegar B, Hutapea EI, Advani N, Vandenplas Y. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial on probiotics in small bowel bacterial overgrowth in children treated with omeprazole. J Pediatr. 2013;89(4):381–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA. Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:306–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:2003–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Romijn JA, Corssmit EP, Havekes LM, et al. Gut-brain axis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11:518–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. McLean PG, Bergonzelli GE, Collins SM, et al. Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis to modulate behavior: which bacterial strain will translate best to humans? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:E174.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Stress and the gut: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnostic approach and treatment options. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62:591–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Larauche M. Novel insights in the role of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor and mast cells in stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24:201–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bale TL, Lee KF, Vale WW. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in stress and anxiety. Integr Comp Biol. 2002;42:552–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, et al. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:599–609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Diamond B, Huerta PT, Tracey K, et al. It takes guts to grow a brain: Increasing evidence of the important role of the intestinal microflora in neuro- and immune-modulatory functions during development and adulthood. Bioessays. 2011;33:588–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:3047–52.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Diamond B, Huerta PT, Tracey K, et al. It takes guts to grow a brain: increasing evidence of the important role of the intestinal microflora in neuro- and immune-modulatory functions during development and adulthood. Bioessays. 2011;33:588–91.2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Lin HC. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA. 2004;292:852–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cobrin GM, Abreu MT. Defects in mucosal immunity leading to Crohn’s disease. Immunol Rev. 2005;206:277–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatrics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

    Flavia Indrio & Fernanda Cristofori

Authors
  1. Flavia Indrio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fernanda Cristofori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Flavia Indrio .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Kidz Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium

    Yvan Vandenplas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Indrio, F., Cristofori, F. (2017). Gastro-oesophageal Reflux and Probiotic. In: Vandenplas, Y. (eds) Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60678-1_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60678-1_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60677-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60678-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation