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Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Unfolded Protein Response and Cerebellar Development

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  • First Online:
Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

Development is an evolutionary process that is tightly regulated in mammalian species. Several different cascades are involved in different stages of development. Among these mechanisms, apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response play critical roles in regulation of development by affecting the cell fate. All of these pathways are involved in regulation of cell number via determining the life and death cycles of the cells. In this chapter, we first explain the brief mechanisms that are involved in regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response, and later, we briefly describe how these mechanisms play roles in general development. We then discuss the importance of these pathways in regulation of cerebellar development.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Apaf-1:

Apoptotic protease activating factor 1

ATF4:

Activating transcription factor 4

ATF6:

Activating transcription factor 6

ATGs:

Autophagy-related proteins

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma protein 2

BiP:

Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein

bZIP:

Basic leucine zipper protein

CAD:

Caspase-activated DNase

CARD:

Caspase recruitment domains

Caspases:

Cysteinyl aspartate proteases

CERKL:

Ceramide kinase-like

CGS:

Cerebellar granule cells

CHOP:

C/EBP homologous protein

CMA:

Chaperone-mediated autophagy

Cyt c :

Cytochrome c

DED:

Death effector domain

DIABLO:

Direct IAP binding protein with low pI

DISC:

Death-inducing signaling complex

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EGL:

External granule layer

eif2α:

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERAD:

ER-associated protein degradation

ERSE:

ER stress response element

FADD:

Fas-associated death domain

GCPs:

Granule cell precursors

GL:

Granule layer

GNPs:

Granule neuron precursors

GRPs:

Glucose-regulated proteins

HA:

Hemagglutinin

HD:

Huntington’s disease

HSPs:

Heat shock proteins

HSR:

Heat shock response

HtrA2:

High temperature requirement protein A

IGL:

Internal granule layer

IRE1:

Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1

LC3:

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3

MPT:

Mitochondrial permeability transition

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NOND:

Naturally occurring neuronal death

pcd :

Purkinje cell degeneration

PCD:

Programmed cell death

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PDI:

Protein disulfide isomerase

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PERK:

Double-stranded RNA (PKR)-activated protein kinase-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

PMDs:

Protein misfolding disorders

PMT:

Permeability membrane transition

PrDs:

Prion-related diseases

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Smac:

Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase

TGF:

Transforming growth factors

TRADD:

TNF receptor-associated death domain

ULK:

Unc-51-like kinase

VZ:

Ventricular zone

XBP1:

X-box binding protein-1

XBP1s:

Spliced XBP1

XBP1U:

Unspliced XBP1

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Acknowledgment

JA was supported by Research Manitoba studentship. NA was supported by NSERC held by Dr. Hassan Marzban. SG was supported by Health Science Centre Foundation General Operating Grant.

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  1. Mohammad Amin Moosavi and Marveh Rahmati contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Amin Moosavi

  2. Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Marveh Rahmati

  3. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

    Niloufar Ashtari, Javad Alizadeh & Saeid Ghavami BSc, MSc, PhD

  4. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Mohammad Hashemi

  5. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Seyedeh Zahra Bathaei

  6. Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Saeid Ghavami BSc, MSc, PhD

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Correspondence to Saeid Ghavami BSc, MSc, PhD .

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  1. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Hassan Marzban

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Moosavi, M.A. et al. (2017). Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Unfolded Protein Response and Cerebellar Development. In: Marzban, H. (eds) Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59749-2_8

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