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Health, Human Rights, and the Global Programme on AIDS

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Abstract

This chapter explores how Jonathan Mann, Director of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Programme on AIDS (GPA), came over time to champion a health and human rights framework for confronting the AIDS pandemic and made it a key component of the Global AIDS Strategy. Mann strived to draw attention to issues of discrimination, including national policies restricting the immigration and travel of people with HIV and AIDS. He argued passionately that fundamental human rights violations put populations at greater risk for HIV infection and hindered their appropriate access to prevention, care, and treatment services. Significantly, in May 1988, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution calling on governments to advocate the need to protect the human rights and dignity of people with HIV and AIDS. This led GPA to establish collaborations with human rights organizations and to apply the health and human rights framework to the rights of women.

Within this chapter the singular pronouns I and my refer to Michael Merson alone, whereas the plural pronouns we and us generally refer to Michael Merson and Stephen Inrig jointly. Where we or us refers to Michael Merson and his colleagues at WHO, the object of the pronoun is clarified by context.

The original version of this chapter was revised to correct misspellings.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For the purposes of this text, we will use the term AIDS to encompass both AIDS and HIV unless otherwise specified.

  2. 2.

    Peter Piot, Interview by Stephen Inrig, February, 2011.

  3. 3.

    Amnesty International, “About Amnesty International,” London: Amnesty International Limited, 2010. http://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/about-amnesty-international accessed on March 17, 2011. See also Physicians for Human Rights, “About PHR: PHR History,” Cambridge, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, 2009; http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/about/founding.html accessed on March 17, 2011, and The International Federation of Health and Human Rights Organizations, “About Us,” Utrrecht: IFHHRO, 2016 http://www.ifhhro.org/main.php?op=text&id=11

  4. 4.

    Doctors of the World, “Notre Organisation,” Paris: Medecins du Monde, http://www.mdm-international.org/spip.php?article78

  5. 5.

    These next two paragraphs adapted from Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3): 464.

  6. 6.

    Stephen Inrig. North Carolina and the Problem of AIDS. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.

  7. 7.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):467.

  8. 8.

    Leon Gordenker, Christer Jönsson, Roger A. Coate, and Peter Söderholm, International cooperation in response to AIDS. New York: Pinter, 1995, 38–39.

  9. 9.

    Fawzia Assaad, Interview with Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, October, 2010.

  10. 10.

    William Parra, Interview with Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, October 14, 2010.

  11. 11.

    Fawzia Assaad, Interview with Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, October, 2010.

  12. 12.

    William Parra, Interview with Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, October 14, 2010.

  13. 13.

    Thomas Quinn, Interview with Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, February 3, 2011.

  14. 14.

    Brenda Watson, “Top AIDS Official Has Busy Schedule, Momentous Task,” The Associated Press, August 14, 1987.

  15. 15.

    Manuel Carballo, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, November, 2002; Michael Grodin, Interview with Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, 2010.

  16. 16.

    Robin Ryder, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, August, 2002.

  17. 17.

    Thomas Quinn , Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, August, 2002.

  18. 18.

    Dana Kennedy, “Seventy-Seven Countries Respond to AIDS Survey,” The Associated Press, July 26, 1988.

  19. 19.

    Ibid.; Sandra G. Boodman and Susan Okie, “Aggressive Prevention Efforts Proliferate: WHO Official Calls for World Cooperation, Warning There Are No Geographic ‘Safe Zones,’” The Washington Post, June 5, 1987, D1; Hanns Neuerbourg, “Pressure Grows Around World for Drastic Steps against AIDS,” The Associated Press, June 6, 1987; Jocelyn Ford, “Fear Of AIDS Sparks Stringent Gov’t Reaction,” Japan Economic Newswire, February 25, 1987; “Japan’s Health Ministry Finalize Draft of AIDS Prevention Law,” Japan Economic Newswire, March 6, 1987; Joan Breckenridge, “AIDS called a threat to health-care gains,” The Globe and Mail, April 1, 1987; Robert Glass, “High-Risk Groups Targeted for AIDS Screening in Europe,” The Associated Press, March 25, 1987.

  20. 20.

    William Parra, Interview by Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, October 14, 2010.

  21. 21.

    Halfdan Mahler, “Opening Speech, International Conference on AIDS, Paris, 23–25 June 1986” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986.

  22. 22.

    Jocelyn Ford, “Fear Of AIDS Sparks Stringent Gov’t Reaction,” Japan Economic Newswire, February 25, 1987.

  23. 23.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002.

  24. 24.

    Halfdan Mahler, “WHO Special Programme on AIDS, Assembly Item 18.2, A40/5,” World Health Organization, March 27, 1987, p. 1.

  25. 25.

    World Health Organization, “WHO Special Programme on AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987, A40/5, p. 7.

  26. 26.

    “WHO rejects AIDS screening for travelers,” United Press International, March 4, 1987; Hanns Neuerbourg, “Health Experts Advise Against Screening Travelers For AIDS, The Associated Press, March 4, 1987; “Testing of travelers not answer, panel says,” The Globe and Mail, March 5, 1987.

  27. 27.

    Contra Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1):63.

  28. 28.

    Lawrence O. Gostin,, William J. Curran, and Mary E. Clark, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Legal, Regulatory, and Policy Analysis (University Publishing Group) (1988) (First published U.S. Department of Health and Human Services); Harold M. Ginzburg & Lawrence O. Gostin, “Legal and Ethical Issues Associated with HTLV-III Diseases,” Psychiatric Annals 16(3):180–185 (1987); Lawrence O. Gostin, “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Review of Science, Health Policy, and Law,” Health Matrix: J. Of Law-Med. IV(2):3–13 (1986); Lawrence O. Gostin, “The Limits of Compulsion in Controlling AIDS,” Hastings Center Report Dec. 24–29 (1986); Lawrence O. Gostin, “AIDS Policies Raise Civil Liberties Concerns,” J. of the National Prison Project 10:10–11 (1986).

  29. 29.

    Dana Kennedy, “Seventy-Seven Countries Respond to AIDS Survey,” The Associated Press, July 26, 1988.

  30. 30.

    Larry Gostin at the time of this writing is director of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, the foremost institute of its kind in the world.

  31. 31.

    “Testing of travelers not answer, panel says,” The Globe and Mail, March 5, 1987; Sandra G. Boodman and Susan Okie, “Aggressive Prevention Efforts Proliferate: WHO Official Calls for World Cooperation, Warning There Are No Geographic ‘Safe Zones,’” The Washington Post, June 5, 1987, D1; Abigail Trafford and Susan Okie, “The Uphill Battle Against AIDS Worldwide,” The Washington Post, August 25, 1987, Z6; Jennifer Parmelee, “Need For AIDS-Testing Foreign Visitors Disputed,” The Associated Press, October 9, 1987.

  32. 32.

    Lawrence K. Altman, “AIDS’ Global Peril Is High On Agenda At Summit Meeting,” The New York Times, May 31, 1987, 1:1.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.; See also the discussion in the previous chapter.

  34. 34.

    “AIDS Cases Increase in 122 countries,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, July 30, 1987, IN: 0730038; “WHO Reports 55,396 AIDS Cases, Opposes Screening,” The Associated Press, July 30, 1987.

  35. 35.

    Carol Gentry, “AIDS tests not solution, officials say,” St. Petersburg Times, February 25, 1987, 1A.

  36. 36.

    Thomas W. Netter, “Uganda Receives $6 Million to Combat AIDS,” The New York Times, May 26, 1987, C4.

  37. 37.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Special Programme on AIDS Statement: Criteria for Screening Programmes For Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).” Geneva: World Health Organization, May 198, 7SPA/INF/87.4, 1–2; Special Programme on AIDS, “Report of the WHO Meeting on Criteria for HIV Screening Programmes, Geneva, 20–21 May 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GLP/87.2, 9, 10. See also Thomas W. Netter, “Uganda Receives $6 Million to Combat AIDS,” The New York Times, May 26, 1987, C4; “Mass-testing questions raised by health body,” The Globe and Mail, May 26, 1987; Andrew Veitch, “Doctors to test for Aids in secret: Health Department questions legality of new BMA practice,” The London Guardian, July 3, 1987; John O’Neill, “Disease Outstrips Control Efforts,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 21, 1987, 6.

  38. 38.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Report of the Meeting on HIV Infection and Drug Injecting Intervention Strategies, Geneva, 18–20 January 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/SBR/89.1, 9; Global Programme on AIDS, “Report of the Consultation on the Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV Infection, Geneva, 14–17 March 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, WHO/GPA/DIR/88.1, 17; Global Programme on AIDS, “Statement from the Consultation on AIDS and the Workplace, Geneva, 27–29 June 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization and International Labour Office, WHO/GPA/INF/88.7, 2,3; Global Programme on AIDS, “Unlinked Anonymous Screening for the Public Health Surveillance of HIV Infections Proposed International Guidelines, Geneva, June 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, GPA/SFI/89.3, 1–2; “Prejudice new AIDS peril,” Hobart Mercury, March 12, 1988; Dana Kennedy, “Seventy-Seven Countries Respond to AIDS Survey,” The Associated Press, July 26, 1988; Craig R. Whitney, “Soviets Say Foreigners Will Need AIDS Certificates,” The New York Times, January 12, 1989, A13.

  39. 39.

    Thomas C. Quinn, Jonathan M. Mann, James W. Curran, Peter Piot, “AIDS in Africa: An Epidemiologic Paradigm,” Science, November 21, 1986, 234:962.

  40. 40.

    Hanns Neuerbourg, “Health Experts Advise Against Screening Travelers For AIDS, The Associated Press, March 4, 1987.

  41. 41.

    Thomas W. Netter, “Uganda Receives $6 Million to Combat AIDS,” The New York Times, May 26, 1987, C4.

  42. 42.

    Ibid. Mass-testing questions raised by health body,” The Globe and Mail, May 26, 1987; Lawrence K. Altman, “AIDS’ Global Peril is High on Agenda at Summit Meeting,” The New York Times, May 31, 1987, 1:1; Richard Pyle, “Statement Stresses Urgency, Human Rights, on AIDS Problem,” The Associated Press, June 10, 1987; “Leaders back anti-AIDS, anti-drug efforts,” United Press International, June 10, 1987; Tom Raum, “Low-Key Summit Ends With Human Rights Plea in AIDS Battle,” The Associated Press, June 10, 1987.

  43. 43.

    G7 Chairman, “Chairman’s Statement on AIDS, June 10, 1987,” G7 Summit, Venice, Italy, June 10, 1987; See also “International News,” The Associated Press, June 10, 1987.

  44. 44.

    Peter Piot, Interview by Stephen Inrig, Dallas, TX, February 2, 2011.

  45. 45.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002.

  46. 46.

    Warren E. Leary, “AIDS Epidemic Threatens Third World Health Gains,” The Associated Press, March 25, 1987.

  47. 47.

    Celia Hooper, “AIDS could reverse world health gains,” United Press International, March 25, 1987.

  48. 48.

    Ibid; Joan Breckenridge, “AIDS called a threat to health-care gains,” The Globe and Mail, April 1, 1987; Lawrence K. Altman, “AIDS’ Global Peril is High on Agenda at Summit Meeting,” The New York Times, May 31, 1987, 1:1; John Schmitt, “Health: Predictions Gloomy at Chaotic World AIDS Conference,” IPS-Inter Press Service, June 3, 1987; Jim Lehrer, “AIDS: Dr. Jonathan Mann,” The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 3, 1987.

  49. 49.

    Celia Hooper, “AIDS could reverse world health gains,” United Press International, March 25, 1987; Jim Lehrer, “AIDS: Dr. Jonathan Mann,” The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 3, 1987; John Schmitt, “Health: Predictions Gloomy at Chaotic World AIDS Conference,” IPS-Inter Press Service, June 3, 1987.

  50. 50.

    Jim Lehrer, “AIDS: Dr. Jonathan Mann,” The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 3, 1987.

  51. 51.

    Jonathan Mann, “IV International Conference on AIDS: The Global Picture of AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 12 June 1988.

  52. 52.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Strategies and Structure; Projected Needs,” Geneva: World Health Organization, March 1987, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.1, 1–5.

  53. 53.

    Lawrence K. Altman, “Key World Health Official Warns of Epidemic of Prejudice on AIDS,” The New York Times, June 3, 1987, A1.

  54. 54.

    Malcolm Ritter, “Court Decision On Job Discrimination Called Victory For AIDS Victims,” The Associated Press, March 3, 1987; Larry Kramer, Interview with Sarah Schulman and Jim Hubbard. ACTUP Oral History Project, February 16, 2005. MIX: The New York Lesbian & Gay Experimental Film Festival. December 11, 2005, Actuporalhistory.org accessed on June 25, 2011.

  55. 55.

    Jim Lehrer, “AIDS: Dr. Jonathan Mann,” The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 3, 1987.

  56. 56.

    Blaine Harden, “AIDS Seen as Threat To Africa’s Future: AIDS Hits African Urban Elites, Is Broad Threat to Development,” The Washington Post, May 31, 1987, A1.

  57. 57.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002.

  58. 58.

    Jonathan M. Mann, “Statement at an Informal Briefing on AID to the 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, on Tuesday 20th October 1987.” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/INF/87.12, 3.

  59. 59.

    Jonathan Mann, “Statement to the U.S. National AIDS Commission,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 2 November 1989, 3, 4, 5.

  60. 60.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):46.

  61. 61.

    Jonathan Mann, “IV International Conference on AIDS: The Global Picture of AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 12 June 1988.

  62. 62.

    Ibid.

  63. 63.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002.

  64. 64.

    Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf, 1999, 36–37.

  65. 65.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):464.

  66. 66.

    Urban Morgan Institute for Human Rights, “The Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly, 1985, 7(1): 3–14. See also Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1):62–63.

  67. 67.

    UN Commission on Human Rights, The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 28 September 1984, E/CN.4/1985/4, 4–5. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4672bc122.html [accessed 28 June 2011].

  68. 68.

    Jonathan Mann and Kathleen Kay, “IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; AIDS: Discrimination and Public Health,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/88.3, 1–3.

  69. 69.

    Tim Rhodes, “The ‘risk environment’: a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm,” International Journal of Drug Policy 13 (2002) 85–94.

  70. 70.

    “The History of Discovery and Response,” in Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds. AIDS in the World II, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 433.

  71. 71.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002.

  72. 72.

    Ibid.

  73. 73.

    Ibid.

  74. 74.

    Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations before the General Assembly. Press release SG/SM/816/GA/334 (October 20, 1987):3.

  75. 75.

    Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (83) 25 Concerning Common European Public Health Policy to Fight the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (Nov. 26, 1987). From http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/europolicy.html accessed on June 28, 2011.

  76. 76.

    Special Programme on AIDS, Social Aspects of AIDS Prevention and Control Programs, Geneva: World Health Organization, December 1, 1987, WHO/SPA/GLO/87.2.

  77. 77.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002.

  78. 78.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “World Summit of Ministers of Health: London Declaration on AIDS Prevention, 28 January 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, WHO/GPA/INF/88.6, 2–3.

  79. 79.

    “Recommendation of mideast conference on AIDS,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service February 12, 1988, Item No: 0212010; UNDP, “Governing Council Special Session: Summary Record of the 2nd Meeting, 17 February 1988,” Geneva: United Nations Development Programme, DP/1988/SR.2, 25 February 1988, 10; Paul Lewis, “AIDS Virus Seen Unlikely to Cause Mental Illness,” The New York Times, March 19, 1988, 1:32.

  80. 80.

    Jonathan Mann and Kathleen Kay, “IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; AIDS: Discrimination and Public Health,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/88.3, 1–3.

  81. 81.

    Ibid.

  82. 82.

    “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS,” World Health Organization, November 22, 1988, p. 14.

  83. 83.

    Kathleen Kay, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, 2002; Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1): 63.

  84. 84.

    WHO Executive Board, “Executive Board, Eighty-third Session, Provisional agenda item 11: Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World health Organization, EB83/26, 22 November 1988, 15.

  85. 85.

    Andrew Veitch, “Fine words: The health minister’s Aids summit in London,” The London Guardian, January 29, 1988.

  86. 86.

    Jonathan Mann, “IV International Conference on AIDS: The Global Picture of AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 12 June 1988.

  87. 87.

    Ibid.

  88. 88.

    Robert Glass, “WHO Official Calls Masters & Johnson Study ‘Irresponsible,’” The Associated Press, March 8, 1988.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    Jonathan Mann and Kathleen Kay, “IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; AIDS: Discrimination and Public Health,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/88.3, 1–3.

  91. 91.

    Jonathan Mann, “AIDS and Human Rights; Letter to Dr. H. Mahler, April 11, 1988,” Unpublished document, April 11, 1988.

  92. 92.

    “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS,” World Health Organization, November 22, 1988, p. 15.

  93. 93.

    Ibid.

  94. 94.

    A.M. Rosenthal, “The Admiral on His Watch,” The New York Times, June 10, 1988, A31.

  95. 95.

    Jonathan Mann, “IV International Conference on AIDS: The Global Picture of AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 12 June 1988.

  96. 96.

    Jonathan Mann and Kathleen Kay, “IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; AIDS: Discrimination and Public Health,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/88.3, 1–3.

  97. 97.

    Jonathan Mann, “IV International Conference on AIDS: The Global Picture of AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 12 June 1988.

  98. 98.

    Ottawa Working Group on Health Promotion in Developing Countries, “Health promotion in developing countries. The report of a workgroup,” Health Promotion, 1994; 15:259–275.

  99. 99.

    Jonathan Mann, “IV International Conference on AIDS: The Global Picture of AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 12 June 1988.

  100. 100.

    Ibid.

  101. 101.

    Jonathan Mann and Kathleen Kay, “IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; AIDS: Discrimination and Public Health,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/88.3, 1–3.

  102. 102.

    R.C. Virchow. Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin. Vol 2. Berlin, Germany: George Reimer; 1848;143–332.

  103. 103.

    UNDP Governing Council, “Special session, Summary Record of the 2nd Meeting: Co-operation with the World Health Organization and other agencies against AIDS, 17 February 1988,” New York: UNDP, 1988, DP/1988/SR.2, p. 13.

  104. 104.

    Ibid.

  105. 105.

    Jean Seligmann with Ruth Marshall, “Checking Up on a Killer,” Newsweek, June 12, 1989, Pg. 59.

  106. 106.

    Stephen Inrig, “In a place so ordinary: North Carolina and the problem of AIDS, 1981—1997,” by Duke University, 2007, 474 pages; 3321835.

  107. 107.

    Lawrence K Altman, “Poor Nations Plagued With AIDS Pose Haunting Ethical Questions,” The New York Times, June 28, 1988, C3.

  108. 108.

    Ibid.

  109. 109.

    Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1):62–63.

  110. 110.

    Susan Chambre, Fighting for Our Lives: New York’s AIDS Community and the Politics of Disease (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006).

  111. 111.

    “WHO Chief Urges More Aid For Hygiene in 3rd World,” Japan Economic Newswire, October 25, 1989.

  112. 112.

    Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1):61.

  113. 113.

    Katarina Tomaševski, “Curriculum Vitae”; Sofia Gruskin, Interview by Stephen Inrig, July 28, 2010.

  114. 114.

    Katarina Tomaševski, “Curriculum Vitae.”

  115. 115.

    Katarina Tomaševski, “Curriculum Vitae”; Sofia Gruskin, Interview by Stephen Inrig, July 28, 2010.

  116. 116.

    Joshua Cohen, Interviewed by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, August, 2002.

  117. 117.

    Gene Kramer, “WHO Chief: Sex Discrimination, Youth Alienation Threaten World Health,” The Associated Press, December 16, 1988.

  118. 118.

    Halfdan Mahler, “Statement by Dr. H. Mahler, Director-General at an Informal Briefing on AIDS to the 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly on Tuesday 20th October 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/ZNF/87.13, p. 2.

  119. 119.

    Jonathan Mann, “Women, Children, and the Global AIDS Strategy,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 27, 1989, 1.

  120. 120.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Report on the Consultation with International Women’s NGO’s on AIDS Prevention and Care; Geneva, 21–22 December 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, GPA/DIR/91.3, 1, 3–6, 8.

  121. 121.

    Ibid.

  122. 122.

    Ibid.

  123. 123.

    Colleen O’Manique, “Global Neoliberalism and AIDS Policy: International Responses to Sub-Saharan Africa’s Pandemic,” Studies in Political Economy, Spring/Summer 2004, 73: 61–62.

  124. 124.

    Susan Timberlake, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, August, 2002.

  125. 125.

    Jonathan Mann, “Women, Children, and the Global AIDS Strategy,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 27, 1989, 1.

  126. 126.

    Ibid.

  127. 127.

    Colleen O’Manique, “Global Neoliberalism and AIDS Policy: International Responses to Sub-Saharan Africa’s Pandemic,” Studies in Political Economy, Spring/Summer 2004, 73: 61–62.

  128. 128.

    “1990 world AIDS day to focus on aids in women,” Xinhua General News Service, February 14, 1990, Item No: 0214218.

  129. 129.

    For the purposes of this text, we use the term sexually transmitted disease(s) and the abbreviation STD rather than the other term sexually transmitted infection(s) or STIs.

  130. 130.

    Daniel Tarantola, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, October, 2001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Michael Merson (Wolfgang Joklik Professor of Global Health)

  2. Mount Saint Mary’s University, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Stephen Inrig (Director, Health Policy and Management Program)

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Merson, M., Inrig, S. (2018). Health, Human Rights, and the Global Programme on AIDS. In: The AIDS Pandemic. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47133-4_6

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