Abstract
Cerebral palsy and related encephalopathies of the central nervous system (CNS) are conditions that often affect lower urinary tract function in obvious as well as subtle ways. It is important for clinicians to recognize that CNS conditions can lead to abnormalities in bladder and urethral sphincter function. This chapter provides knowledge of how the central nervous system modulates lower urinary tract function, what the signs and symptoms are that alerts the clinician to a potential abnormality of the lower urinary tract, what investigative tests are needed in a stepwise fashion to determine that an abnormality exists and the best approaches to managing it.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Kirby RS, Wingate MS, Van Naarden BK, Doernberg NS, Arneson CL, Benedict RE, Mulvihill B, Durkin MS, Fitzgerald RT, Maenner MJ, Patz JA, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and functioning of children with cerebral palsy in four areas of the United States in 2006: a report from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(2):462–9.
Richards CL, Malouin F. Cerebral palsy: definition, assessment and rehabilitation. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;111:183–95.
Wang M-H, Harvey J, Baskin L. Management of neurogenic bladder in patients with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2008;1:123–5.
Roijen LE, Postema K, Limbeek VJ, et al. Development of bladder control in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43:103.
Ozturk M, Oktem F, Kisloglu N, Demirci M, Altuntas I, Kutluhan S, Dogan M. Bladder and bowel control in children with cerebral palsy. Croat Med J. 2006;47:264–70.
Silva JAF, Alvares RA, Barboza AL, Monteiro RTM. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in children with Cerebral Palsy. Neururol Urodyn. 2009;28:959–63.
Richardson I, Palmer LS. Clinical and urodynamic spectrum of bladder function in Cerebral Palsy. J Urol. 2009;182:1945–8.
Ersoz M, Kaya K, Erol SK, Kulakli F, Akyuz M, Ozel S. Noninvasive evaluation of lower urinary tract function in children with Cerebral Palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88:735–41.
Murphy KP, Boutin SA, Ide KR. Cerebral Palsy, neurogenic bladder and outcomes of lifetime care. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:945–50.
Gündoğdu G, Kömür M, Avlan D, Sarı FB, Delibaş A, Taşdelen B, Naycı A, Okuyaz C. Relationship of bladder dysfunction with upper urinary tract deterioration in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9(5):659–64.
Reid CJD, Borzyskowski M. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:739–42.
Karaman M, Kaya C, Caskurlu T, Guney S, Ergenekon E. Urodynamic findings in children with cerebral palsy. Int J Urol. 2005;15:717–20.
Silva JAF, Gonsalves MDC, Saverio AP, Oliveira IC, Carrerette FB, Damio R. Lower urinary tract dysfunction and ultrasound assessment of bladder wall thickness in children with Cerebral Palsy. Urology. 2010;76:942–5.
Decter RM, Bauer SB, Khoshbin S, et al. Urodynamic assessment of children with cerebral palsy. J Urol. 1987;138:1110.
Houle AM, Vernet O, Jednak R, Pippi Salle JL, Farmer JP. Bladder function before and after selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. J Urol. 1998;160(3 Pt 2):1088–91.
Bross S, Honeck P, Kwon ST, Badawi JK, Trojan L, Alken P. Correlation between motor function and lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with infantile cerebral palsy. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(2):222–7.
Mayo ME. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in cerebral palsy. J Urol. 1992;147(2):419–20.
Yokoyama O, Nagano K, Hirata A, et al. Clinical evaluation for voiding dysfunction in patients with cerebral palsy. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 1989;80:591–5.
Soler D, Borzyskowski M. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in children with central nervous system tumours. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79(4):344–7.
Nguyen HT, Sencan A, Silva A, Carvas FA, Bauer SB. Urodynamic studies are recommended in children with central nervous system tumors regardless of location. J Urol. 2010;184:2516–20.
Pierrat V, Haouari N, Liska A, et al. Prevalence, causes and outcomes at 2 years of age of newborn encephalopathy: population based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:257–61.
Wen JG, Yang L, Xing L, Wang YL, Jin CN, Zhang Q. A study on voiding pattern of newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Urology. 2012;80(1):196–9.
DaJusta DG, Wosnitzer MS, Barone JG. Persistent motor deficits predict long-term bladder dysfunction in children following acute transverse myelitis. J Urol. 2008;180:1774–7.
Kalra V, Sharma S, Sahu J, Sankhyan N, Chaudhry R, Dhawan B, Mridula B. Childhood acute transverse myelitis: clinical profile, outcome, and association with antiganglioside antibodies. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(4):466–71.
Krishnan C, Kaplin Aansverse I, Deshpande DM, Pardo CA, Kerr DA. Transverse myelitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Front Biosci. 2004;9:1483.
Suthar R, Sankhyan N, Sahu JK, Khandelwal NK, Singhi S, Singhi P. Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: a single centre experience from North India. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2016;20(3):352–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.01.013. Epub 2016 Feb 13
Knebusch M, Strassburg HM, Reiners K. Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: nine cases and review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:631.
Guttmann L. Spinal shock. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol. 26. Injuries of the spine and spinal cord, Part II. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1976. p. 243–62.
Cheng W, Chiu R, Tam P. Residual bladder dysfunction 2 to 10 years after acute transverse myelitis. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999;35(5):476–8.
Pidcock FS, Krishnan C, Crawford TO, Salorio CF, Trovato M, Kerr DA. Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: center-based analysis of 47 cases. Neurology. 2007;68(18):1474–80.
Gatti JM, Perez-Brayfield M, Kirsch AJ, Smith EA, Massad HC, Broecker BH. Acute urinary retention in children. J Urol. 2001;165(3):918–21.
Kalita J, Kapoor R, Misra UK. Bladder dysfunction in acute Transverse Myelitis: Magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:154–9.
Miyazawa R, Ikeuchi Y, Tomomasa T, Ushiku H, Ogawa T, Morikawa A. Determinants of prognosis of acute transverse myelitis in children. Pediatr Int. 2003;45(5):512–6. Review. PMID: 14521523
Ganesan V, Borzyskowski M. Characteristics and course of urinary tract dysfunction after acute transverse myelitis in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43:473–5.
Tanaka ST, Stone AR, Kurzrock EA. Transverse myelitis in children: long-term urological outcomes. J Urol. 2006;175(5):1865–8. discussion 1868
Dunne K, Hopkins IJ, Sheild LK. Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986;28:198.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bauer, S. (2018). Cerebral Palsy and Other Encephalopathies. In: Mosiello, G., Del Popolo, G., Wen, J., De Gennaro, M. (eds) Clinical Urodynamics in Childhood and Adolescence. Urodynamics, Neurourology and Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42193-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42193-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42191-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42193-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)