Skip to main content

Clinical Management of Common Nephrourologic Disorders (Guidelines and Beyond)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Urogenital Radiology

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

  • 1117 Accesses

Abstract

It is not the aim and is beyond the scope of this chapter to show and to discuss all issues concerning treating nephrourological disorders. In many aspects, we can refer to other chapters of this book. Basically, pediatric radiologists are responsible for imaging, clinicians (pediatric nephrologists, pediatric urologists, general pediatricians, etc.) for treatment. This strict separation is valid, but somewhat questionable for optimal diagnosis and treatment. The task of preserving renal parenchyma, to the best of our knowledge, can be achieved only by cooperation and an interdisciplinary approach in many situations. The partners need to know about each other’s thinking, intentions, and expectations. Interdisciplinary discussions with an exchange of knowledge are of value. This chapter is dedicated to discussing the cooperation between subspecialties and to showing aspects of the treatment of disorders. The discussion will include the dilemma of guidelines in general and in the daily routine of single centers. Disorders with minimal or no contribution of imaging to clinical decisions (e.g., dosage or duration of steroid treatment in glomerular disorders) are excluded. Quite a few aspects of this clinical management are shown in other respective chapters – the overlap with other parts of this book is desired as this chapter tries to provide a more clinically oriented practical approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Al-Sayyad AJ, Pike JG, Leonard MP (2005) Can prophylactic antibiotics safely be discontinued in children with vesicoureteral reflux? J Urol 174:1587–1589

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection (1999) Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 103:843–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128:595–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amerstorfer EE, Haberlik A, Riccabona M (2015) Imaging assessment of renal injuries in children and adolescents: CT or ultrasound? Eur J Pediatr Surg 50:448–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardissino G, Dacco V, Testa S et al (2003) Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from the ItalKid project. Pediatrics 111:382–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beetz R (2006) May we go on with antibacterial prophylaxis for urinary tract infections? Pediatr Nephrol 21:5–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beetz R, Mannhardt W, Fisch M et al (2002) Long-term follow-up of 158 young adults surgically treated for vesicoureteral reflux in childhood: the ongoing risk of urinary tract infections. J Urol 168:704–707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouissou F, Munzer C, Decramer S et al (2008) Prospective, randomized trial comparing short and long intravenous antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children: dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphic evaluation at 9 months. Pediatrics 121(3):e553–e560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capello SA, Kogan BA, Giorgi LJ Jr et al (2005) Prenatal ultrasound has led to earlier detection and repair of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. J Urol 174:1425–1428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capozza N, Lais A, Matarazzo E et al (2003) Treatment of vesico-ureteric reflux: a new algorithm based on parental preference. BJU Int 92:285–288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capozza N, Caione P (2007) Vesicoureteral reflux: surgical and endoscopic treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1261–1265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassart M, Massez A, Metens T et al (2004) Complementary role of MRI after sonography in assessing bilateral urinary tract anomalies in the fetus. Am J Roentgenol 182:689–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AL, Rivara FP, Davis R et al (2005) Compliance with guidelines for the medical care of first urinary tract infections in infants: a population-based study. Pediatrics 115:1474–1478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, Henry BV, Grundmeier RW, Keren R (2007) Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA 298:179–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper CS, Chung BI, Kirsch AJ et al (2000) The outcome of stopping prophylactic antibiotics in older children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 163:269–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Palma D, Manzoni G (2013) Different imaging strategies in febrile urinary tract infection in childhood. What, when, why? Pediatr Radiol 43:436–443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dejter SW Jr, Gibbons MD (1989) The fate of infant kidneys with fetal hydronephrosis but initially normal postnatal sonography. J Urol 142:661–662

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon HK (1998) Prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis: the great ormond street experience. BJU Int 81(Suppl 2):39–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr et al (1997) Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 157:1846–1851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos V, Cataldi L (2004) Antibiotics or surgery for vesicoureteric reflux in children. Lancet 364:1720–1722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernbach SK, Maizels M, Conway JJ (1993) Ultrasound grading of hydronephrosis: introduction to the system used by the society for fetal urology. Pediatr Radiol 23:478–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garin EH, Olavarria F, Nieto VC et al (2006) Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 117:626–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I, Barkovics M, Pindoria S et al (2003) Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:739–744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson S, Bollgren I, Esbjorner E et al (1999) Urinary infections in children below two years of age: a quality assurance project in Sweden. The swedish pediatric nephrology association. Acta Paediatr 88:270–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigström O et al (2004) Dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 172:1071–1074

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellerstein S (2006) Acute urinary tract infection–evaluation and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr 18:134–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellerstein S, Nickell E (2002) Prophylactic antibiotics in children at risk for urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 17:506–510

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW et al (2003) Imaging studies after first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 348:195–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollowell JG (2002) Screening siblings for vesivoureteral reflux. J Urol 168:2138–2141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hörmann M, Brugger PC, Balassy C et al (2006) Fetal MRI of the urinary system. Eur J Radiol 57:303–311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaïli K, Avni FE, Piepsz A et al (2004) Current management of infants with fetal renal pelvis dilatation: a survey by French-speaking pediatric nephrologists and urologists. Pediatr Nephrol 19:966–971

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaïli K, Hall M, Piepsz A et al (2006) Primary vesicoureteral reflux detected in neonates with a history of fetal renal pelvis dilatation: a prospective clinical and imagig study. J Pediatr 148:222–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jodal U (1987) The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Infect Dis North Am 1:713–729

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jodal U, Lindberg U (1999) Guidelines for management of children with urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteric reflux. Recommendations from a Swedish state-of-the-art conference. Acta Paediatr 88(Suppl 431):87–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H et al (2006) Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the international reflux study in children. Pediatr Nephrol 21:785–792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • John U et al (2004) The impact of fetal renal pelvic diameter on postnatal outcome. Prenat Diagn 24:591–595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jungers P, Houillier P, Chauveau D et al (1996) Pregnancy in women with reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int 50:593–599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko K, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T et al (2003) Antibiotic prophylaxis by low-dose cefaclor in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 18:468–470

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler J, Tencer J, Thysell H et al (1997) Vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed in adulthood. Incidence of urinary tract infections, hypertension, proteinuria, back pain and renal calculi. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:2580–2587

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Scola C, De Mutiis C, Hewitt IK et al (2013) Different guidelines for imaging after first UTI in febrile infants: yield, cost, and radiation. Pediatrics 131:e665–e671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RS, Cendron M, Kinnamon DD et al (2006a) Antenatal hydronephrosis as a predictor of postnatal outcome: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 118:586–593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RS, Diamond DA, Chow JS (2006b) Applying the ALARA concept to the evaluation of vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Radiol 36(Suppl 2):185–191

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lidefelt KJ, Ek S, Mihocsa L (2006) Is screening for vesicoureteral reflux mandatory in infants with antenatal renal pelvis dilatation? Acta Paediatr 95:1653–1656

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mak RH, Kuo HJ (2006) Pathogenesis of urinary tract infection: an update. Curr Opin Pediatr 18:148–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malone PSJ (2005) Circumcision for preventing urinary tract infection in boys: European view. Arch Dis Child 90:774–774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus N, Ashkenazi S, Yaari A, Samra Z, Livni G (2005) Non-Escherichia coli versus Escherichia coli community-acquired urinary tract infections in children hospitalized in a tertiary centre: relative frequency, risk factors, anti-microbial resistance and outcome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:581–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks SD, Gordon I, Tullus K (2008) Imaging in childhood urinary tract infections: time to reduce investigations. Pediatr Nephrol 23:9–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks SD (2007) How have the past 5 years of research changed clinical practice in paediatric nephrology? Arch Dis Child 92:357–361

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marra G, Oppezzo C, Ardissino G et al (2004) Severe vesicoureteral reflux and chronic renal failure: a condition peculiar to male gender? data from the ItalKid project. J Pediatr 144:677–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald K, Kenney I (2014) Being NICE to Paediatric UTIs: a retrospective application of the NICE guidelines to a large general practitioner referred historical cohort. Pediatr Radiol 44:1085–1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al (2008) Prophylaxis after the first febrile urinary tract infection in children? a multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 122:1064–1071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moorthy I, Easty M, McHugh K et al (2005) The presence of vesicoureteric reflux does not identify a population at risk for renal scarring following a first urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 90:733–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mor Y, Leibovitch I, Zalts R et al (2003) Analysis of the longterm outcome of surgically corrected vesico-ureteric reflux. BJU Int 92:97–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey MA, Schilling JD, Martinez JJ et al (2000) Bad bugs and beleaguered bladders: interplay between uropathogenic escherichia coli and innate host defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:8829–8835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) Urinary tract infection in children: diagnosis, treatment and long-term management. 2007. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG54fullguideline.pdf

  • Nguyen HT, Benson CB, Bromley B, Campbell JB, Chow J, Coleman B, Cooper C, Crino J, Darge K, Herndon CDA, Odibo AO, Somers MJG, Stein DR (2014) Multidisciplinary consensus on the classification of prenatal and postnatal urinary tract dilation (UTD classification system). J Pediatr Urol 10(6):982–998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nuutinen M, Uhari M (2001) Recurrence and follow-up after urinary tract infection under the age of 1 year. Pediatr Nephrol 16:69–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogan K, Pohl HG, Carlson D et al (2001) Parental preferences in the management of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 166:240–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onen A, Jayanthi VR, Koff SA (2002) Long-term follow-up of prenatally detected severe bilateral newborn hydronephrosis initially managed nonoperatively. J Urol 168:1118–1120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al (2008) Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 121:e1489–e1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr et al (2010) Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 184:1134–1144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puri P, Pirker M, Mohanan N et al (2006) Subureteral dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection as first line treatment in the management of high grade vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 176:1856–1859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2016) Imaging in childhood urinary tract infection. Radiol Medica 121(3):238–239. doi: 10.1007/s11547-015-0594-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Fotter R (2004a) Reorientation and future trends in paediatric uroradiology. Pediatr Radiol 34:295–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Fotter R (2004b) Urinary tract infection in infants and children: an update with special regard to the changing role of reflux. Eur Radiol 14(Suppl 4):L78–L88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG, Darge K, Dacher JN, Lobo LM, Willi U (2008) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: minutes of the ESPR workgroup session on urinary tract infection, fetal hydronephrosis, urinary tract ultrasonography and voiding cysto-urethrography. ESPR-Meeting, Barcelona/Spain, June 2007. ESUR Paediatric guideline subcommittee and ESPR paediatric uroradiology work group. Pediatr Radiol 38:138–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG, Dacher JN, Darge K, Lobo ML, Willi U (2009) (Members of the ESUR paediatric paediatric recommendation work group and ESPR paediatric uroradiology work group). Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part II: urolithiasis and haematuria in children, paediatric obstructive uropathy, and postnatal work-up of foetally diagnosed high grade hydronephrosis. Minutes of a mini-symposium at the ESPR annual meeting, Edinburg, June. Pediatr Radiol 39 (8):891–898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Dacher JN, Damasio B, Darge K, Lobo ML, Ording-Müller LS, Papado-polos F, Willi U (2010) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group: Imaging and procedural recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, Part III. Minutes of the ESPR uroradiology task force mini-symposium on intravenous urography, uro-CT and MR-urography in childhood. Pediatr Radiol 40(7):1315–1320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni F, Dacher JN, Damasio B, Darge K, Lobo ML, Ording-Müller LS, Papado-poulou F, Vivier P, Willi U (2011) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group: imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part IV minutes of the ESPR urora-diology task force mini-symposium on imaging in childhood renal hypertension and imaging of renal trauma in children. Pediatr Radiol 41(7):939–944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni F, Damasio B, Ordning-Mueller LS, Lobo ML, Darge K, Papadopoulou F, Willi U, Blickmann J, Vivier PH (2012) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group - imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part V: childhood cystic kidney disease, childhood renal transplantation, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in children. Pediatr Radiol 42:1275–1283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Lobo ML, Willi U, Avni F, Blickmann J, Damasio B, Ordning-Mueller LS, Darge K, Papadopoulou F, Vivier PH (2014a) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group - imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part VI: childhood renal biopsy and imaging of neonatal and infant genital tract. Pediatr Radiol 44:496–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Vivier HP, Ntoulj A, Darge K, Avni F, Papadopoulou F, Damasio B, Ording-Mueller LS, Blickman J, Lobo ML, Willi U (2014b) ESPR uroradiology task force – imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology - part VII: standardized terminology, impact of existing recommendations, and update on contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the paediatric urogenital tract. Pediatr Radiol 44:1478–1484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Darge K, Lobo ML, Ording-Muller LS, Augdal TA, Avni FE, Blickman J, Damasio BM, Ntoulia A, Papadopoulou F, Vivier PH, Willi U (2015) ESPR Uroradiology Task Force – imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology – part VIII: rethrograde urethrography, imaging in disorders of sexual development, and imaging in childhood testicular torsion. Report on the mini-symposium at the ESPR meeting in Amsterdam, June 2014. Pediatr Radiol 45:2023–2028

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Lobo ML, Ording-Mueller LS et al (2017) ESPR Abdominal (GU and GI) Imaging Task Force – Imaging Recommendations in Paediatric Uroradiology, Part IX: imaging in anorectal and cloacal malformation, imaging in childhood ovarian torsion, and efforts in standardising pediatric uroradiology terminology. Report on the mini-symposium at the ESPR meeting in Graz, June 2015, Pediatr Radiol 47; in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Ring E, Mache CJ, Vilits P (2002) Future expectations - what paediatric nephrologists and urologists await from paediatric uroradiology. Eur J Radiol 43:94–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ring E, Petritsch P, Riccabona M et al (1993) Primary VUR in infants with a dilated fetal urinary tract. Eur J Pediatr 152:523–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ring E, Zobel G (1988) Urinary infection and malformations of urinary tract in infancy. Arch Dis Child 63:818–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Royal College of Physicians (1992) Guidelines for the management of acute urinary tract infection in childhood. Report of a working group of the research unit, royal college of physicians. J R Coll Physicians Lond 25:36–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Saadeh SA, Mattoo TK (2011) Managing urinary tract infections. Pediatr Nephrol 26:1967–1976

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saemann MC, Weichhart T, Horl WH et al (2005) Tamm- Horsfall protein: a multilayered defence molecule against urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Invest 35:227–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab CW Jr, Wu HY, Selman H, Smith GH, Snyder HM III, Canning DA (2002) Spontaneous resolution of vesico-ureteric reflux: a 15 year perspective. J Urol 168:2594–2599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoen EJ (2005) Circumcision for preventing urinary tract infection in boys: north American view. Arch Dis Child 90:772–773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu G, Beyene J, Rosenblum ND (2006) Outcome of isolated antenatal hydronephrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 21:218–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smellie JM, Barratt TM, Chantler C et al (2001) Medical versus surgical treatment in children with severe bilateral vesicoureteric reflux and bilateral nephropathy: a randomised trial. Lancet 357:1329–1333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song SH, Lee SB, Park YS et al (2007) Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary in infants with obstructive hydronephrosis? J Urol 177:1098–1101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts KB, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128:595–610

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The RIVUR Trial Investigators (2014) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med 370:2367–2376

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson M, Simon SD, Sharma V et al (2005) Timing of follow-up voiding cystourethrogram in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux: development and application of a clinical algorithm. Pediatrics 115:426–434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RH, Chen JJ, Pugach J et al (2001) Cessation of prophylactic antibiotics for managing persistent vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 166:1465–1469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorup J, Jokela R, Cortes D et al (2003) The results of 15 years of consistent strategy in treating antenatally suspected pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction. BJU Int 91:850–852

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toiviainen-Salo S, Garel L, Grignon A et al (2004) Fetal hydronephrosis: is there hope for consensus? Pediatr Radiol 34:519–529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai JD, Huang CT, Lin PY et al (2012) Screening high grade vesicoureteral reflux in young infants with a febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 27:955–963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tse NK, Yuen SL, Chiu MC, Lai WM, Tong PC (2009) Imaging studies for first urinary tract infection in infants less than 6 months old: can they be more selective? Pediatr Nephrol 24:1699–1703

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng MH, Lin WJ, Lo WT et al (2007) Does a normal DMSA obviate the performance of voiding cystourethrography in evaluation of young children after their first urinary tract infection? J Pediatr 150:96–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulman I, Venkata R, Jayanthi R et al (2000) The long-term follow-up of newborns with severe unilateral hydronephrosis initially treated nonoperatively. J Urol 164:1101–1105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vivier PH (2015) How to report using standardised terminology. Pediatr Radiol 45(S2):S 269–S 270

    Google Scholar 

  • Wennerström M, Hansson S, Jodal U et al (2000) Primary and acquired renal scarring in boys and girls with urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 136:30–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler D, Vimalachandra D, Hodson EM, Roy LP, Smith G, Craig JC (2003) Antibiotics and surgery for vesicoureteric reflux: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 88:688–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams G, Lee A, Craig J (2001) Antibiotics for the prevention of urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 138:868–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xhepa R, Bosio M, Manzoni G (2004) Voiding cystourethrosonography for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in a developing country. Pediatr Nephrol 19:638–643

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK et al (1997) The characteristics of primary vesico-ureteric reflux in male and female infants with pre-natal hydronephrosis. BJU Int 80:319–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikstrom S (2004) Outcome of patients with antenatally detected pelviureteric junction obstruction. Pediatr Nephrol 19:880–887

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Riccabona MD (Retired) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Riccabona, M., Ring, E., Mentzel, HJ. (2018). Clinical Management of Common Nephrourologic Disorders (Guidelines and Beyond). In: Riccabona, M. (eds) Pediatric Urogenital Radiology. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39202-8_39

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39202-8_39

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39200-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39202-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics