Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most commonly detected skin cancer. SCC is mainly detected in the head, neck, limbs, and areas of higher photoexposition. Both extrinsic and intrinsic individual factors account for the development of skin epidermoid carcinoma. Among the main factors there are ultraviolet radiation exposure, immunosuppression, human papilloma virus, genodermatosis, chronic dermatosis, arsenic exposure, and ionizing radiation. Its subtypes are actinic keratosis, epidermoid carcinoma in situ, and invading epidermoid carcinoma. The main aims of SCC treatment are: total removal of the tumor thus minimizing the risk for recurrence and metastasis; preservation of function; and provision of the best possible aesthetic outcome.
References
De Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH. UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001;63(1–3):19–27.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Estimativa 2016: incidência de câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva – INCA; 2016.
Society AC. Cancer facts & figures 2016. In: Society AC, editor. Atlanta; 2016.
Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Feldman SR, Coldiron BM. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(10):1081–6.
Fears TR, Scotto J. Estimating increases in skin cancer morbidity due to increases in ultraviolet radiation exposure. Cancer Investig. 1983;1(2):119–26.
Xiang F, Lucas R, Hales S, Neale R. Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978–2012: empirical relationships. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(10):1063–71.
Halder RM, Bang KM. Skin cancer in blacks in the United States. Dermatol Clin. 1988;6(3):397–405.
McCall CO, Chen SC. Squamous cell carcinoma of the legs in African Americans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(4):524–9.
Rigel DS. Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5 Suppl 2):S129–32.
Jung GW, Metelitsa AI, Dover DC, Salopek TG. Trends in incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in Alberta, Canada, 1988–2007. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(1):146–54.
Weinstock MA. Death from skin cancer among the elderly: epidemiological patterns. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(10):1207–9.
Marcil I, Stern RS. Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(12):1524–30.
Karagas MR. Occurrence of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell malignancies among those with a prior history of skin cancer. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102(6):10S–3S.
Schmults CD, Karia PS, Carter JB, Han J, Qureshi AA. Factors predictive of recurrence and death from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a 10-year, single-institution cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(5):541–7.
Harwood CA, Proby CM, Inman GJ, Leigh IM. The promise of genomics and the development of targeted therapies for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96(1):3–16.
Armstrong BK, Kricker A. The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001;63(1–3):8–18.
de Gruijl FR, Rebel H. Early events in UV carcinogenesis – DNA damage, target cells and mutant p53 foci. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84(2):382–7.
Kripke ML. Ultraviolet radiation and immunology: something new under the sun – presidential address. Cancer Res. 1994;54(23):6102–5.
Beissert S, Loser K. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84(1):29–34.
Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Decullier E, Butnaru AC, Lefrancois N, Boissonnat P, et al. Subsequent skin cancers in kidney and heart transplant recipients after the first squamous cell carcinoma. Transplantation. 2006;81(8):1093–100.
Marshall V. Premalignant and malignant skin tumours in immunosuppressed patients. Transplantation. 1974;17(3):272–5.
Mullen DL, Silverberg SG, Penn I, Hammond WS. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and lip in renal homograft recipients. Cancer. 1976;37(2):729–34.
Penn I. Immunosuppression and skin cancer. Clin Plast Surg. 1980;7(3):361–8.
Berg D, Otley CC. Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(1):1–17. quiz 8–20
Gupta AK, Cardella CJ, Haberman HF. Cutaneous malignant neoplasms in patients with renal transplants. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(11):1288–93.
Perez-Reyes N, Farhi DC. Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in patients with well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Cancer. 1987;59(3):540–4.
Wang J, Aldabagh B, Yu J, Arron ST. Role of human papillomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(4):621–9.
Nindl I, Gottschling M, Stockfleth E. Human papillomaviruses and non-melanoma skin cancer: basic virology and clinical manifestations. Dis Markers. 2007;23(4):247–59.
Forslund O, Ly H, Reid C, Higgins G. A broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types is present in the skin of Australian patients with non-melanoma skin cancers and solar keratosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(1):64–73.
Forslund O, Antonsson A, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Hansson BG. A broad range of human papillomavirus types detected with a general PCR method suitable for analysis of cutaneous tumours and normal skin. J Gen Virol. 1999;80(Pt 9):2437–43.
Johnson TM, Rowe DE, Nelson BR, Swanson NA. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (excluding lip and oral mucosa). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(3 Pt 2):467–84.
Yu HS, Liao WT, Chai CY. Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. J Biomed Sci. 2006;13(5):657–66.
Kallini JR, Hamed N, Khachemoune A. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: epidemiology, classification, management, and novel trends. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54(2):130–40.
Salasche SJ. Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):4–7.
Ackerman AB, Mones JM. Solar (actinic) keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(1):9–22.
Torezan LA, Festa-Neto C. Cutaneous field cancerization: clinical, histopathological and therapeutic aspects. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(5):775–86.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer. 1953;6(5):963–8.
Braakhuis BJ, Tabor MP, Kummer JA, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH. A genetic explanation of Slaughter’s concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res. 2003;63(8):1727–30.
Quinn AG, Perkins W. Non- melanoma skin cancer and other epidermal skin tumours. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C, editors. Rook’s textbook of dermatology, vol. 3. 7th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 52.1–48.
Karynne O, Duncan JKG, David J. Leffel. Epithelial precancerous lesions. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine, vol. 1. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 1007–27.
Rigel DR, CJC, Carucci J, Wharton J. Actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In: Jean L. Bolognia JLJ, Ronald P. Rapini, editors. Dermatology. 2nd ed: Mosby Elsevier: Spain; 2008. p. 1641–59.
Esther RJ, Lamps L, Schwartz HS. Marjolin ulcers: secondary carcinomas in chronic wounds. J South Orthop Assoc. 1999;8(3):181–7.
Grossman D, Leffel DJ. Squamous cell carcinoma. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 1028–36.
Panizza B, Solares CA, Redmond M, Parmar P, O’Rourke P. Surgical resection for clinical perineural invasion from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck. 2012;34(11):1622–7.
Kirsner RS, Spencer J, Falanga V, Garland LE, Kerdel FA. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in osteomyelitis and chronic wounds. Treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery vs amputation. Dermatol Surg. 1996;22(12):1015–8.
Penn R, Abemayor E, Nabili V, Bhuta S, Kirsch C. Perineural invasion detected by high-field 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Otolaryngol. 2010;31(6):482–4.
Williams LS, Mancuso AA, Mendenhall WM. Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma: CT and MR detection and its impact on patient management and prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49(4):1061–9.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network NCC. NCCN guideline 2016.
Weinberg AS, Ogle CA, Shim EK. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: an update. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(8):885–99.
Neville JA, Welch E, Leffell DJ. Management of nonmelanoma skin cancer in 2007. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4(8):462–9.
Bath-Hextall F, Bong J, Perkins W, Williams H. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin: systematic review. BMJ. 2004;329(7468):705.
Blixt E, Nelsen D, Stratman E. Recurrence rates of aggressive histologic types of basal cell carcinoma after treatment with electrodesiccation and curettage alone. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(5):719–25.
Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(6):976–90.
Miller SJ. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines of care for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(3):289–92.
Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for excision of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(2 Pt 1):241–8.
Ad Hoc Task F, Connolly SM, Baker DR, Coldiron BM, Fazio MJ, Storrs PA, et al. AAD/ACMS/ASDSA/ASMS 2012 appropriate use criteria for Mohs micrographic surgery: a report of the American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Surgery, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery Association, and the American Society for Mohs Surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(4):531–50.
Cook J, Zitelli JA. Mohs micrographic surgery: a cost analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(5 Pt 1):698–703.
Lott DG, Manz R, Koch C, Lorenz RR. Aggressive behavior of nonmelanotic skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2010;90(6):683–7.
Robins P, Dzubow LM, Rigel DS. Squamous-cell carcinoma treated by Mohs’ surgery: an experience with 414 cases in a period of 15 years. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1981;7(10):800–1.
Palme CE, O’Brien CJ, Veness MJ, McNeil EB, Bron LP, Morgan GJ. Extent of parotid disease influences outcome in patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129(7):750–3.
Audet N, Palme CE, Gullane PJ, Gilbert RW, Brown DH, Irish J, et al. Cutaneous metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid gland: analysis and outcome. Head Neck. 2004;26(8):727–32.
Ch’ng S, Maitra A, Allison RS, Chaplin JM, Gregor RT, Lea R, et al. Parotid and cervical nodal status predict prognosis for patients with head and neck metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98(2):101–5.
Veness MJ, Morgan GJ, Palme CE, Gebski V. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to lymph nodes: combined treatment should be considered best practice. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(5):870–5.
Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, Hinerman RW, Cognetta AB, Mendenhall NP. Radiotherapy for cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(10):1994–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Glossary
- Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma
-
Variant of SCC characterized by a cleavage of the intercellular bridges, resulting in acantholysis.
- Apoptosis
-
Programmed cell death.
- Core biopsy
-
The removal of a tissue sample with a large needle for examination under a microscope.
- Desmoplastic SCC
-
Variant of SCC characterized by a prominent trabecular growth pattern, narrow columns of atypical epithelial cells, and a marked desmoplastic stromal reaction.
- Hyperkeratosis
-
Thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin, frequently accompanied by an increase in the granular layer.
- Leukoplakia
-
White patch or plaque of the mucosa and mucocutaneous junction.
- Lichen sclerosus
-
A chronic atrophic disorder mainly of the anogenital skin of females but also of males and of the general skin. Whitish, ivory or porcelain-white, sharply demarcated, individual papules may become confluent, forming plaques.
- Nuclear pleomorphism
-
Marked variation of nuclear size, nuclear shape, or nuclear staining, a common finding in malignant lesions.
- Parakeratosis
-
A disturbance of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum.
- Photodamage
-
Skin changes consequent to exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
-
A nuclear medicine, functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body.
- Punch biopsy
-
Use of a specialized surgical instrument (punch) for the removal of a full-thickness specimen of the skin (epidermis, dermis, and fat) in a defined area.
- TP53 tumor supressor gene
-
Mutation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene is a frequent event in tumorigenesis; the many roles of the protein p53 as a tumor suppressor include the ability to induce cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis.
- Xeroderma pigmentosum
-
A rare hereditary skin disorder caused by a defect in the enzymes that repair DNA damaged by ultraviolet light and resulting in hypersensitivity to the carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet light.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tarlé, R.G., Bertolini, W., Biasi, L.J., Shibue, J.R.T. (2018). Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In: Bonamigo, R., Dornelles, S. (eds) Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33919-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33919-1_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33917-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33919-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)