Abstract
Titanium is protected by a thin titanium oxide layer, which spontaneously forms on its surface when exposed to air or other oxygen-containing environments. This oxide passive layer is typically 2–5 nm thick and is responsible for the well-documented corrosion resistance property of titanium and its alloys. Because of this and their excellent mechanical properties, titanium and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental applications. However, the native TiO2 layer is not bioactive enough to form a direct bonding with bone, which means the lack of osseointegration to juxtaposed bone might lead to long-term failure after implantation. Specifically, the 10- to 15-year lifetime of current titanium-based orthopedic implants is not as long as expected by many patients. This chapter reviews many of the current research that is being carried out to extend the life of implants by nano modification techniques.
References
Brunette, D. M, Tengvall, P., Textor, M., & Thomsen, P. (2001). Titanium in medicine (p. 171). Berlin: Springer.
Shackelford, J. F. (1999). Bioceramics (vol. 1, p. 17). Netherlands: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
Moran, C. G., & Horton, T. C. (2000). BMJ, 320, 820.
Brunette, D. M., Tengvall, P., Textor, M., & Thomsen, P. (2001). Titanium in medicine (p. 232). Berlin: Springer.
Larsson, C., Thomsen, P., Aronsson, B. O., Rodahl, M., Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., & Ericson, L. E. (1996). Biomaterials, 17, 605.
Kim, H. M., Miyaji, F., Kokubo, T., & Nakamura, T. (1997). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, 341.
Kokubo, T., Kim, H. M., Kawashita, M., & Nakamura, T. (2004). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 15, 899.
Sittig, C., Textor, M., Spencer, N. D., Wieland, M., & Vallotton, P. H.: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 10, 35.
Bordji, K., Jouzeau, J. Y., Mainard, D., Payan, E., Netter, P., Rie, K. T., et al. (1996). Biomaterials, 17, 929.
Furlong, R., & Osborn, J. F. (2001). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 73B, 741.
Kim,S.-S., Park, M. S., Jeon, O., Choi, C. Y., & Kim, B.-S. Biomaterials (in press).
Baker, K. C., Anderson, M. A., Oehlke, S. A., Astashkina, A. I., Haikio, D. C., Drelich, J., et al. Growth, Materials Science and Engineering: C (in press).
Sato, M., Slamovich, E. B., & Webster, T. J. (2005). Biomaterials, 26, 349.
Bronzino, J. D. (1995). Biomedical engineering handbook (p. 274). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Webster, T. J., & Ejiofor, J. U. (2004). Biomaterials, 25, 4731.
Sul, Y. T., Johansson, C. B., Jeong, Y., & Albrektsson, T. (2001). Medical Engineering and Physics, 23, 329.
Gong, D., Grimes, C. A., Varghese, O. K., Hu, W., Singh, R. S., Chen, Z., & Dickey, E. C. (2001). Journal of Materials Research, 16, 3331.
Mor, G. K., Varghese, O. K., Paulose, M., Mukherjee, N., & Grimesa, C. A. (2003). Journal of Materials Research, 18, 2588.
Beranek, R., Hildebrand, H., & Schmuki, P. (2003). Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 6, B12.
Tsuchiya, H., Macak, J. M., Taveira, L., Balaur, E., Ghicov, A., Sirotna, K., & Schmuki, P. (2005). Electrochemistry Communications, 7, 576.
Cai, Q., Paulose, M., Varghese, O. K., & Grimes, C. A. (2005). Journal of Materials Research, 20, 230.
Ruan, C., Paulose, M., Varghese, O. K., Mor, G. K., & Grimes, C. A. (2005). The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 15754.
Macak, J. M., Tsuchiya, H., & Schmuki, P. (2005). Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44, 2100.
Ghicov, A., Tsuchiya, H., Macak, J. M., & Schmuki, P. (2005). Electrochemistry Communications, 7, 505.
Raja, K. S., Misra, M., & Paramguru, K. (2005). Electrochimica Acta, 51, 154.
Choi, J., Wehrspohn, R. B., Lee, J., & Gosele, U. (2004). Electrochimica Acta, 49, 2645.
Chiesa, R., Sandrini, E., Santin, M., Rondelli, G., & Cigada, A. (2003). Journal of Applied Biomaterials and Biomechanics, 1, 91.
Zinger, O., Chauvy, P. F., & Landolt, D. (2003). Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 150, 495.
Yang, B., Uchida, M., Kim, H.-M., Zhang, X., & Kokubo, T. (2004). Biomaterials, 25, 1003.
Larsson, C., Thomsen, P., Aronsson, B.-O., Rodahl, M., Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., & Ericson, L. E. (1996). Biomaterials, 17, 605.
Zhu, X., Chen, J., Scheideler, L., Reichl, R., & Geis-Gerstorfer, J. (2004). Biomaterials, 25, 4087.
Li, L. H., Kong, Y. M., Kim, H. W., Kim, Y. W., Kim, H. E., Heo, S. J., & Koak, J. Y. (2004). Biomaterials, 25, 2867.
Suh, J. Y., Jang, B. C., Zhu, X., Ong, J. L., & Kim, K. (2003). Biomaterials, 24, 347.
Son, W. W., Zhu, X., Shin, H. I., Ong, J. L., & Kim, K. H. (2003). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 66B, 520.
Fini, M., Cigada, A., Rondelli, G., Chiesa, R., Giardino, R., Giavaresi, G., et al. (1999). Biomaterials, 20, 1587.
Baun, W. L. (1980). Surface Technology, 11, 421.
Zwilling, V., Darque-Ceretti, E., Boutry-Forveille, A., David, D., Perrin, M. Y., & Aucouturier, M. (1999). Surface and Interface Analysis, 27, 629.
Kurze, P., Krysmann, W., & Schneider, H. G. (1986). Crystal Research and Technology, 21, 1603.
Ishizawa, H., & Ogino, M. (1995). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 29, 1071.
Oh, S.-H., Finõnes, R. R., Daraio, C., Chen, L.-H., & Jin, S. (2005). Biomaterials, 26, 4938.
Delplancke, J. L., & Winand, R. (1973). Electrochimica Acta, 33, 1539.
Schreckenback, J. P., Marx, G., Schlottig, F., Textor, M., & Spencer, N. D. (1999). Journal of Surface Science. Materials in Medicine, 10, 453.
Ishizawa, H., & Ogino, M. (1995). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 29, 65.
Lu, Y. P., Zhu, R. F., Li, S. T., Song, Y. J., Li, M. S., & Lei, T. Q. (2003). Materials Science and Technology, 19, 260.
Yang, Y., & Ong, J. L. (2003). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 64, 509.
Yang, Y. C., Chang, E., & Lee, S. Y. (2003). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 67, 886.
Rodriguez, R., Kim, K., & Ong, J. L. (2003). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 65, 352.
Anselme, K. (2000). Biomaterials, 21, 667.
Hayman, E. G., Pierschbacher, M. D., Suzuki, S., & Ruoslahti, E. (1985). Experimental Cell Research, 160, 245.
Thomas, C. H., McFarland, C. D., Jenkins, M. L., Rezania, A., Steel, J. C., & Healy, K. E. (1997). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 37, 81.
Henry, P., Tan, A. E., & Allan, B. P. (2000). Applied Osseointegration Research, 1, 15.
Sul, Y. T., Johansson, C. B., Jeong, Y., Wennerberg, A., & Albrektsson, T. (2002). Clinical Oral Implants Research, 13, 252.
Sul, Y. T., Johansson, C. B., Roser, K., & Albrektsson, T. (2002). Biomaterials, 23, 1809.
Ishizawa, H., Fugino, M., & Ogino, M. (1995). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 29, 1459.
Giavaresi, G., Fini, M., & Cigada, A. (2003). Biomaterials, 24, 1583.
Giavaresi, G., Fini, M., Cigada, A., Chiesa, R., Rondelli, G., Rimondini, L., et al. (2003). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 67, 112.
Son, W. W., Zhu, X., Shin, H. I., Ong, J. L., & Kim, K. H. (2003). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials, 66B, 520.
Ishizawa, H., Fujino, M., & Ogino, M. (1997). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 35, 199.
Sul, Y. T. (2003). Biomaterials, 24, 3893.
Feng, B., Wang, J., Yang, B. C., Qu, S. X., & Zhang, X. D. (2003). Biomaterials, 24, 4664.
Boyan, B. D., Batzer, R., Kiesewetter, K., Lie, Y., Cochran, D. L., Szmuckler-Moncler, S., et al. (1998). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 39, 77.
Karlsson, M., Palsgard, E., Wilshaw, P. R., & Silvio, L. D. (2003). Biomaterials, 24, 3039.
Webster, T. J., Ergun, C., Doremus, R. H., Siegel, R. W., & Bizios, R. (2001). Biomaterials, 22, 1327.
Dunn, D. S., Raghaven, S., & Volz, R. G. (1994). Journal of Applied Biomaterials, 5, 325.
Varkey, M., Gittens, S. A., & Uludag, H. (2004). Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 1, 19.
Huang, H.-H., Pan, S.-J., Lai, Y.-L., Lee, T.-H., Chen, C.-C., & Lu, F.-H. (2004). Scripta Materialia, 51, 1017.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank National Science Foundation Nanoscale Exploratory Research Grant for financial assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Webster, T.J., Yao, C. (2016). Anodization: A Promising Nano Modification Technique of Titanium-Based Implants for Orthopedic Applications. In: Ahmed, W., Jackson, M. (eds) Surgical Tools and Medical Devices. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33489-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33489-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33487-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33489-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)