Skip to main content

The Development and Implementation of the MCM

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction

Abstract

This chapter begins by discussing the continued use of test scores in career counseling in conjunction with people’s “stories”. It examines the value of drawing on self-estimates of interests and confidence about aptitude for certain careers. It stresses the importance of using a combination of factors to predict career success and elaborates on various factors in the development and standardization of the MCM. The conceptual framework of the instrument and some aspects of its psychometric properties are dealt with in the final section of the chapter.

Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life (Confucius)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    I believe that these stages and the time frames associated with each reflect an outdated view on career development. However, an elaboration on the matter falls outside the scope of this book.

  2. 2.

    The word “stereotype” may have a negative connotation for some people. It is used in this book as it is commonly used by authors in this context.

  3. 3.

    It should be noted that Holland neither suggested that there are only (these) six types of people in the world, nor that any given person fits into only one of the six types (Swanson, 2002).

  4. 4.

    There is a strong overlap between these 19 career categories and Holland’s RIASEC model. For more details, see Ferreira and Morgan (2019) and Maree (2016).

  5. 5.

    The term “psychologist” is used to refer to psychologists, registered counselors, and psychometrists alike and is used interchangeably with the term “career counselor”.

  6. 6.

    In South Africa, “career guidance” is offered within the context of life orientation (which forms part of the life skills program in schools).

  7. 7.

    Perspectives on ‘retirement’ and retirement activities are changing rapidly and include starting one’s own (new) business, doing part-time work, taking up a new work role, or working in a changed or different capacity.

References

  • Ackerman, P. L., & Beier, M. E. (2003). Intelligence, personality, and interests in the career choice process. Journal of Career Assessment, 11, 205–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alika, H. I., & Egbochuku, E. O. (2009). Vocational interest, counselling, socio-economic status and age as correlated of re-entry of girls into schools in Edo state. Edo Journal of Counselling, 2(1), 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amundson, N., Niles, S., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2004). Essential elements of career counselling. Vancouver, Canada: Merrill Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Athanasou, J. A., & Cooksey, R. W. (1993). Self-estimates of vocational interests. Australian Psychologist, 28, 118–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 279–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blustein, D. L. (2006). The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling, and public policy. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burisch, M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits. American Psychologist, 39, 214–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. P., Hyne, S. A., & Nilsen, D. L. (1992). Manual for the Campbell interest and skill survey. Colorado Springs, CL: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darcy, M., & Tracey, T. J. (2003). Integrating abilities and interests in career choice: Maximal versus typical assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 11, 219–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawis, R. V., & Lofquist, L. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Toit, R. (1992). South African Vocational Interest Inventory. Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Toit, R., Prinsloo, W. B. J., Gevers, J., & Harilall, R. (1993). Manual for the South African Vocational Interest Inventory (SAVII). Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, R. D., Diemer, M. A., & Jadidian, A. (2012). The development and initial validation of the work volition scale-student version. The Counseling Psychologist, 40, 291–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, R. D., Diemer, M. A., Perry, J. C., Laurenzi, C., & Torrey, C. L. (2012). The construction and initial validation of the Work Volition Scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 400-411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, R. D., Bott, E. M., Torrey, C. L., & Webster, G. D. (2013). Work volition as a critical moderator in the prediction of job satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(1), 20–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, J. C., & Morgan, B. (2019). An investigation of the psychometric properties of the Maree Career Matrix. South African Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 206–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gati, I. (2013). Advances in career decision making. In B. W. Walsh, M. L. Savickas, & P. J. Hartung (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology (pp. 183–215). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gati, I., & Asher, I. (2001a). The PIC model for career decision making: Prescreening, in-depth exploration, and choice. In F. T. L. Leong & A. Barak (Eds.), Contemporary models in vocational psychology (pp. 7–54). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gati, I., & Asher, I. (2001b). Prescreening, in-depth exploration, and choice: From decision theory to career counseling practice. Career Development Quarterly, 50, 140–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gati, I., Fishman-Nadav, Y., & Shiloh, S. (2006). The relations between preferences for using abilities, self-estimated abilities, and measured abilities among career counseling clients. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 24–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gevers, J., Du Toit, R., & Harilall, R. (1997). Manual for the Self-Directed Search (SDS). Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, L. (1990). Qualitative assessment. The Counseling Psychologist, 18, 205–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, G. D. (2002). Interests, aspirations, self-estimates, and the Self-Directed search. Journal of Career Assessment, 10, 200–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, L. S. (2005). Applying Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise in career guidance and counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 71–100). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guichard, J. (2009). Self-constructing. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 251–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guichard, J. (2013a, November). Career guidance, education, and dialogues for a fair and sustainable human development. Inaugural conference of the UNESCO chair of Lifelong guidance and counselling, University of Wroclaw, Poland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guichard, J. (2013b). What competencies need people living in liquid societies to design their lives and direct their careers? In A. Di Fabio & J. G. Maree (Eds.), Psychology of career counseling: New challenges for a new era (pp. 41–60). New York, NY: Nova.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1992). Self-efficacy perceptions and the career-related choices of college students. In D. H. Schunk & J. L. Meece (Eds.), Student perceptions in the classroom (pp. 229–246). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1995). Self-efficacy and career choice and development. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research and application (pp. 249–280). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. A., Halstead, M. E., & Taylor, T. R. (1986). Test administrator’s manual for the Rothwell-Miller Interest Blank. Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J. I. C. (2005). Assessment of interests. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling (pp. 281–314). New York, NY: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, P. J. (2013a). The life-span, life-space theory of careers. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (2nd ed., pp. 83–113). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, P. J. (2013b). Career construction counselling. A. Di Fabio & J. G. Maree (Eds.), Psychology of career counseling: New challenges for a new era (pp. 15–28). Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, P. J. (2018, July). Life design: A unifying paradigm for international Counseling Psychology. Paper prepared for Division 16. Presidential Address at the 29th International Congress of Applied Psychology. Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, P. J. (2019). Life design: A paradigm for innovating career counselling in global context. In J. G. Maree (Ed.), Handbook of innovative career counseling (pp. 3–18). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). (2010). Policy on the classification of psychometric measuring devices, methods and techniques. Pretoria, South Africa: HPCSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, C. C., & Mourton, D. L. (1984). The effects of an abbreviated self-directed Search on the career decision competencies of community college students. The Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 33, 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschi, A., & Läge, D. (2008). Holland’s secondary constructs of vocational interests and career choice readiness of secondary students. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 205–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoare, P. N., McIlveen, P., & Hamilton, N. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as a career counselling strategy. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 12(3), 171–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. L. (1973). Making vocational choices: A theory of careers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. L. (1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. H., & Gottfredson, G. D. (1975). Predictive value and psychological meaning of vocational aspirations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 6, 349–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. L., Gottfredson, G. D., & Baker, H. G. (1990). The validity of vocational aspirations and interest inventories: Extended, replicated and reinterpreted. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 337–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumboltz, J. D. (1993). Integrating career and personal counseling. The Career Development Quarterly, 42, 143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumboltz, J. D. (2015). The purpose of career counseling. Career Convergence Magazine, April, 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumboltz, J. D., Mitchell, A. M., & Jones, G. B. (1976). A social learning theory of career selection. The Counseling Psychologist, 6(1), 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuder, G. F. (1975). Kuder General Interest Survey manual. Chicago, IL: Science Research Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuder, G. F. (1977). Activity interests and occupational choice. Chicago, IL: Science Research Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30, 347–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, N., & Gati, I. (2014). Facilitating the transition from school to work with a career decision-making approach: Process-related assessments and the PIC model. Career Planning and Adult Development Journal, 30, 127–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez Levers, L. L., May, M., & Vogel, G. (2011). Research on counseling in African settings. In E. Mpofu (Ed.), Counseling people of African ancestry (pp. 57–74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, K. S. D., Mijung, Y., Roberts, B. W., & Rounds, J. (2005). Stability of vocational interests from early adolescence to middle adulthood: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 713–737.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy theory: An introduction. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment (pp. 3–33). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2005). The torn learning sprockets: Stars in the ascendant. Gifted Education International, 20, 380–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2009). Career counseling in the 21st century: South African institutions of higher education at the crossroads. South African Journal of Higher Education, 23, 429–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2012a). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale—South African form: Psychometric properties and construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80(3), 730–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2012b). Two DVD set: A guide to reflective career counselling—with Prof Maree. Randburg, South Africa: JvR Psychometrics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2013). Counseling for career construction: Connecting life themes to construct life portraits: Turning pain into hope. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2014, July). Educing life themes to co-construct life portraits and turn decision into movement. Keynote address (Division 16), 28th International Congress of Applied Psychology. Palais Des Congrès, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2016). Using interpersonal process during career construction counseling to promote reflexivity and expedite change. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 96, 22–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2019a, June). Career development in Africa: Decent work for all: Brief photomontage. Keynote Address at the Annual Career Development Practitioner Congress, Emperors Palace Conference Centre, Kempton Park, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G. (2019b). Postmodernising career counseling in a deep rural context. In J. G. Maree (Ed.), Handbook of innovative career counseling (pp. 577–596). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G., & Molepo, J. M. (2007). Facilitating postmodern career counseling in the Limpopo Province of South Africa: A rocky ride to hope. Australian Journal of Career Counseling, 16, 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G., & Molepo, M. (2016). Implementing a qualitative (narrative) approach in cross-cultural career counselling. In M. McMahon (Ed.), Career counselling: Constructivist approaches (2nd ed., pp. 65–78). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G., & Taylor, N. (2016a). Manual for the Maree Career Matrix (MCM). Randburg, SA: JvR Psychometrics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J. G., & Taylor, N. (2016b). Development of the Maree Career Matrix: A new interest inventory. South African Journal of Psychology, 46(4), 462–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316641558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, A. J., & Guichard, J. (2009). Vocational psychology and new challenges. The Career Development Quarterly, 57, 310–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. M. (1968). Manual for the Rothwell-Miller Interest Blank. Windsor, England: NFER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. J., Springer, T. P., Tobacyk, J., & Wells, D. (2004). Congruency between occupational daydreams and SDS scores among college students. College Student Journal, 38(1), 57–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. (1977). On the future of personality assessment. American Psychologist, 32, 246–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakland, T. (2004). Use of educational and psychological tests internationally. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 157–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osipow, S. H. (1983). Theories of career development (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osipow, S. H. (1990). Convergence in theories of career choice and development: Review and prospect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 122–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osipow, S. H., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1996). Theories of career development (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, L., Care, E., & Ainley, M. (2011). The relationship between vocational interests, self-efficacy, and achievement in the prediction of educational pathways. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(1), 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porfeli, E., Lee, B., & Vondracek, F. W. (2013). Identity development and careers in adolescents and emerging adults: Content, process, and structure. In B. W. Walsh, M. L. Savickas, & P. J. Hartung (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology: Theory, research and practice (4th ed., pp. 133–154). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prediger, D. J. (1982). Dimensions underlying Holland’s hexagon: Missing link between interests and occupations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 259–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prediger, D. J. (1999). Integrating interests and abilities for career exploration: General considerations. In M. L. Savickas & A. R. Spokane (Eds.), Vocational interests: Meaning, measurement, and counseling use (pp. 295–325). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius, H. G., & Morgan, B. (2010). Can tests ‘predict’ success or help you find a career. In K. Maree (Ed.), Career counselling: Methods that work (pp. 45–52). Cape Town, South Africa: Juta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossier, J. (2015). Career adaptability and life designing. In L. Nota & J. Rossier (Eds.), Handbook of the life design paradigm: From practice to theory and from theory to practice (pp. 154–164). Boston, MA: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan-Krane, N. E., & Tirre, W. C. (2005). Ability assessment in career counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling (pp. 330–352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (1993). Career counseling in the postmodern era. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 7, 205–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (1994). Overview of career development. In M. L. Savickas & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Convergence in career development theories (pp. 139–154). Palo Alto, CA: CPP Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. In R. W. Lent & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research into work (2nd ed., pp. 147–183). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (2019a). Theories of psychotherapy series. Career counseling (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savickas, M. L. (2019b, September). Designing a self and constructing a career in post-traditional societies. Keynote address at the 43rd international association for educational and vocational guidance Conference, Bratislava, Slovakia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharf, R. S. (2013). Advances in theories of career development. In W. B. Walsh, M. L. Savickas, & P. J. Hartung (Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 2–32). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Super, D. E. (1963). Self-concepts in vocational development. In D. Super, R. Starishevsky, N. Matlin, & J. P. Jordaan (Eds.), Career development: Self-concept theory (pp. 1–26). New York, NY: College Entrance Examination Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Super, D. E. (1972). Vocational development theory: Persons, positions, processes. In J. M. Whiteley & A. Resnikoff (Eds.), Perspectives on vocational development (pp. 13–33). Washington, DC: American Personnel and Guidance Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 282–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Super, D. E. (1990). Career and life development. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp. 192–234). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. (2002). Understanding the complexity of clients’ lives: Infusing a truly integrative career-personal perspective into graduate training. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 815–832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschannen-Moran, M., Woolfolk Hoy, A., & Hoy, A. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68, 202–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Eeden, R. (1991). Manual for the Senior South African Individual Scale—Revised (SSAIS-R), (Part 1). Pretoria, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zytowski, D. G. (1999). How to talk to people about their interest inventory results. In M. L. Savickas, M. L., & Spokane, A. R. (Eds.). Vocational interests: Meaning, measurement, and counseling use (pp. 277–293). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Maree, J. (2020). The Development and Implementation of the MCM. In: Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48648-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics