Abstract
Crimmigration, generally defined, is the increased entanglement of criminal and immigration procedures. Scholars have been observing this trend in the United States, Australia, and various European countries, as well as on other continents. Historically, states handled immigration infractions through civil or administrative systems separate from criminal law. However, in response to increases in migration and mobility, the politicisation of this topic, and a cultural shift in how receiving countries perceive immigrants, immigration and criminal law have become more intertwined. This has increased the number of people processed in immigration systems, detained, and deported. These changes have led to alarming consequences that are incidents of migrant criminalisation—inequality, xenophobia, and a widespread assault on the rights and dignity of migrants.
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Notes
- 1.
The volume is one of the results of a research programme of the Peace Institute “Equality and human rights in times of global governance,” no. 6037-24/2016/87 (2020–2023) and of a basic research project “Crimmigration between Human Rights and Surveillance” no. J5-7121 (2016–2018), both financed by the Slovenian Research Agency. The project hosted a conference on causes and consequences of the criminalisation of migration where a number of experts, researchers, and analysts gathered to debate contemporary crimmigration phenomena.
- 2.
E.g. Rosenbloom (2016).
- 3.
Franko Aas and Gundhus (2014).
- 4.
Stumpf (2013).
- 5.
Vasquez (2017).
- 6.
Svirnovskiy (2017).
- 7.
Johnson (2015).
- 8.
Bier (2017).
- 9.
Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. ___ (2018b).
- 10.
Korematsu v. United States., 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a Supreme Court case from World War II that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans. The court of history has largely viewed this decision as deeply misguided.
- 11.
Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. ___ (2018a) at *28 (Sotomayor dissenting).
- 12.
Lind (2018).
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Edelman (2018).
- 15.
Provine (2016).
- 16.
Rosenbloom (2016).
- 17.
Vasquez (2017).
- 18.
Zender (2013).
- 19.
European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (2014).
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Global Detention Project (2017).
- 22.
Global Detention Project, Austria country profile (2017).
- 23.
Global Detention Project (2017).
- 24.
Return Directive 2008/115/EC, recital 7.
- 25.
Return Directive 2008/115/EC, recital 13.
- 26.
Ibid., recital 12.
- 27.
Ibid., recital 16.
- 28.
Ibid., recital 17.
- 29.
Article 15(1) of the Return Directive.
- 30.
Article 17(1) of the Return Directive.
- 31.
FRA (2014).
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
European Council (2016).
- 34.
- 35.
McKenzie and Hazmath (2013).
- 36.
Badalič (2018).
- 37.
Ramachandran (1999).
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
Akbari (2015).
- 40.
Law No. 9/1992.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Missbach (2015).
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
Ramachandran (1999).
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
Ibid.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
UNHCR (2018).
- 50.
Ibid.
- 51.
Human Rights Watch (2018).
- 52.
Sager (2018).
- 53.
Ibid.
- 54.
Ruhrmann and FitzGerald (2016).
- 55.
Ibid.
- 56.
Ziegler (2015).
- 57.
Ibid.
- 58.
Ibid.
- 59.
(ARDC) (2016).
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Ibid.
- 62.
Amnesty International (2018).
- 63.
Badalič (2018).
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Cassarino (2014).
- 66.
Badalič (2018).
- 67.
Ibid.
- 68.
Sager (2018).
- 69.
The Guardian (2017).
- 70.
Adida (2014).
- 71.
Global Detention Project.
- 72.
Freier and Arcarazo (2015).
- 73.
Ibid.
- 74.
Ibid.
- 75.
Ibid.
- 76.
Bowling (2013).
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Kogovšek Šalamon, N., Frett, B., Ketchum, E.S. (2020). Global Crimmigration Trends. In: Kogovšek Šalamon, N. (eds) Causes and Consequences of Migrant Criminalization. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 81. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43732-9_1
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