Abstract
The removal of barriers to the international circulation of persons within the European Union has influenced the Romanian migration to other European countries. The paper aims to identify the most important pull factors (factors that bring Romanian migrants into other European countries) that influence the international migration of Romanians toward the following ten European economies: Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, UK and the Netherlands, for the period 2007–2015 using complex statistical methods based on gravity models and to classify the countries based on the main drivers obtained by cluster technique. Our empirical findings, which are in line with the literature, support the hypothesis that Romanian’s decision to emigrate is largely influenced by the economic conditions of the destination countries, the latter, which are proxied by GDP per capita being associated with increased migration flows. Also confirming other results obtained by researchers, notable pull factors influencing the Romanian migration are life expectancy, unemployment rate, tax rate, and population density. Within the paper, social networks in the destination countries have an important impact on migration, being highlighted by lagged migration flows.
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Appendix A
Appendix A
Variables and Data Source
Indicator | Source | Variable |
|---|---|---|
Migration flows from Romania to a potential destination country as inflows of foreign population by nationality (thousands of persons) | International migration database, OECD | INFLOWS |
GDP at PPS per capita, US thousand dollars, 2010 | Economic outlook database, OECD | GDP_CAP |
Labour force statistics database, OECD | ||
Employment population ratio, %, 15–64 years old | Labour force statistics database, OECD | ER |
Unemployment rate, % | Labour force statistics database, OECD | UR |
Tax rate (tax revenue as % of GDP) | Taxation and revenue statistics database, OECD | TR |
Life expectancy | Health database, OECD | LE |
Old-age pensions public expenditure as % of GDP | Social protection and well-being database, OECD | OLD_PENS |
Public expenditure on disability and sickness cash benefits in % GDP | Social protection and well-being database, OECD | DIS_SP |
Family benefits public spending, %GDP | Social expenditure: aggregated data, OECD | FAM_SP |
Public unemployment spending, %GDP | Social expenditure: aggregated data, OECD | UNEMPL_SP |
Public spending on the labor market, % GDP | Labour market programs: expenditure and participants, OECD. | LAB_SP |
Population density—Persons per km2 | Population database, Eurostat | POP_DENS |
Political stability | Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), World Bank | POLIT_STABILITY |
Regulatory quality | Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), World Bank | REG_QUALITY |
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Davidescu, A.A.M., Ghinararu, C.C., Maicaneanu, L. (2020). Revealing the Main Drivers of Romanians’ Migration in the European Context. An Empirical Approach Based on Gravity Models. In: Fotea, S., Fotea, I., Văduva, S. (eds) Challenges and Opportunities to Develop Organizations Through Creativity, Technology and Ethics. GSMAC 2019. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43449-6_6
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