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Islam, Islamism, and Democracy in Bangladesh

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Islam and Democracy in South Asia

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Abstract

The chapter examines the role of the organized Islam-based political parties in the interplay of Islamism and democracy in Bangladesh. We will critically investigate to what extent the mainstream Islamist political parties in Bangladesh (e.g., Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, Islami Andolan Bangladesh, Islami Oikya Jote, Khelafat Majlis, Bangladesh Khelafat Andolan, and Zaker Party) have tension or congruence with democracy. Most of these parties however historically engaged in competition and mobilization, contested elections aiming to attain power through constitutional means, albeit with minimal success. These mainstream Islamist parties consistently oppose violence and terrorism. We will also discuss a few fringe violent Islamist parties, already banned in Bangladesh, including Jamaatul Mujahedeen Bangladesh (JMB), Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB), Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJi), and Ansarullah Bangla Team. These parties oppose democracy and resort to violence to establish what they call a “pure Islamic polity.” They perceive democracy as kufr (unbelief) and a source of polytheism.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See “Bangladesh Minister Fired for Hajj Remarks: Abdul Latif Siddique Who Called Hajj a ‘Waste of Manpower’ Dropped from Cabinet After Protests from Opposition Parties.” Aljazeera, 2 October 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/10/bangladesh-minister-fired-hajj-remarks-20141028365136253.html (accessed 27 January 2016).

  2. 2.

    See “Bangladesh ‘Hajj Critic’ AL Siddique Is Arrested.” BBC News, 25 November 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30195714 (accessed 27 January 2016).

  3. 3.

    See “Latif Siddique Resigns as Lawmaker.” NEWAGE, 2 September 2015. http://newagebd.net/153820/latif-siddique-resigns-as-lawmaker/ (accessed 27 January 2016).

  4. 4.

    See “IS Claims Gulshan Attack: Report.” The Daily Star , 2 July 2016. http://www.thedailystar.net/country/claims-gulshan-attack-report-1249180 (accessed 13 July 2016).

  5. 5.

    See “Dhaka Attack: Hostage-Takers Were from Bangladesh Group, Not IS, Says Minister.” The Indian Express, 3 July 2016. http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/dhaka-attack-hostage-takers-were-from-bangladesh-group-not-is-says-minister-2890882/ (accessed 13 July 2016).

  6. 6.

    See Islam in Bangladesh, published by Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2005, p. 15.

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    Ibid., pp. 16–17.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., p. 16.

  10. 10.

    Ibid., p. 18.

  11. 11.

    Ibid.

  12. 12.

    See Shakhawat Liton, “Islamic Parties Boom After 1976 Ban Lifting.” The Daily Star , 29 August 2006, Dhaka. http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/08/29/d6082901022.htm (accessed 2 February 2016).

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    See “Statistical Report: The 9th Parliamentary Elections 2008.” Election Commission Bangladesh, p. 15. http://www.ec.org.bd/MenuExternalFilesEng/304.pdf (accessed 2 February 2016).

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    See “Statistical Report: 8th Parliament Election 2001.” Bangladesh Election Commission, p. 6. http://www.ec.org.bd/MenuExternalFilesEng/124.pdf (accessed 4 February 2016).

  17. 17.

    See “Statistical Report: The 9th Parliamentary Elections 2008.” op. cit.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    It is reported that seventy-five people joined Mawdudi in the founding of the JIH (Ahmad 1991:467).

  20. 20.

    Riaz and Raji (2011:67) also note that after the promulgation of the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972, the government, on 24 January 1972, set up 73 special tribunals, to try to Razakar, Al-Badr and Al-Shams forces, defined as collaborators in the order. However, these trials came to a halt after the government granted a general amnesty on 30 November 1973. Under the general amnesty, about 26,000 out of 35,000 people held or convicted under the act were released. Although the amnesty was not applicable to people charged with murder or rape or arson or abduction, a large number of individuals charged with these criminal offenses including prominent collaborators were released.

  21. 21.

    See “Statistical Report: 5th Parliamentary Elections 1991.” Bangladesh Election Commission, Dhaka, p. 48. http://www.ec.org.bd/MenuExternalFilesEng/301.pdf (accessed 7 February 2016).

  22. 22.

    Ibid.

  23. 23.

    See “Statistical Report: 7th Parliamentary Election June 1996.” Bangladesh Election Commission, p. 9. http://www.ec.org.bd/MenuExternalFilesEng/125.pdf (accessed 7 February 2016).

  24. 24.

    See “Statistical Report: 8th Parliament Election 2001.” op. cit.

  25. 25.

    See “Statistical Report: 9th Parliamentary Election 2008.” Bangladesh Election Commission, p. 15.

  26. 26.

    See “Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.” http://jamaat-e-islami.org/en/aboutus.php (accessed 8 February 2016).

  27. 27.

    See “Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami’s Views on Terrorism.” Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, 29 February 2012. http://jamaat-e-islami.org/en/details.php?artid=MTE0 (accessed 8 February 2016).

  28. 28.

    See “The Constitution.” Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, pp. 14–16. http://jamaat-e-islami.org/en/articlepdf/108_Jamaat.%20Constitution-2008.pdf (accessed 8 February 2016).

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    See “The Glorious History.” Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir. http://english.shibir.org.bd/page/item-14/Glorious-History (accessed 8 February 2016).

  31. 31.

    See “Aim and Objective.” Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir. http://english.shibir.org.bd/page/item-12/At-a-glance (accessed 8 February 2016).

  32. 32.

    See “Jamaat-e-Islami and Its Financial Resources.” Bangladesh Live News. http://www.bangladeshlivenews.com/home/article-details/4560/column/Jamaat-e-Islami+and+its+financial+resources/ (accessed 8 February 2016).

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    See Munif Ammar, “Dui Jug Dhore Dofay Dofay Bhangche Islami Oikya Jote” [Islami Oikya Jote Splits by Phases over Two Eras], 13 January 2016. newsbangladesh.com.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    See “Islami Oikya Jote Still Stays with the 20-Party Alliance: Abdur Rakib.” Naya Diganta, 7 January 2016. http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/detail/news/83355 (accessed 9 February 2016).

  37. 37.

    See “Islami Oikya Jote Quits 20-Party Alliance: IOJ Faction to Stay with BNP-led Alliance.” The Daily Star , 7 January 2016. http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/islami-oikya-jote-quits-20-party-alliance-198409 (accessed 9 February 2016).

  38. 38.

    See “The Constitution.” Islami Oikya Jote (IOJ), Central Office, Lalbag, Dhaka, p. 5.

  39. 39.

    See “A Short Introduction of the Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Islam Bangladesh.” Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Islam Bangladesh. http://aljamiatbd.com/?p=75 (accessed 9 February 2016).

  40. 40.

    See “Islam Has No Relation with Terrorism: Ulama.” The Milli Gazette, 16–30 April 2005. http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/16-30Apr05-Print-Edition/163004200545.htm (accessed 10 February 2016).

  41. 41.

    See “Short Introduction: Chhatra Jamiat Bangladesh.” Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Islam Bangladesh. http://aljamiatbd.com/?p=179 (accessed 10 February 2016).

  42. 42.

    See “Condemnation and Protest of the Spurious Information by Abul Barkat.” Qaomi News, 15 December 2015.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    See “Bangladesh Khelafat Andolon.” http://bangladeshkhelafatandolan.blogspot.sg/ (accessed 10 February 2016).

  45. 45.

    Ibid.

  46. 46.

    See “Islamic Politics Is Getting Detained Under Paribartantra [Dynastic Politics].” the report24.com, 28 March 2015. http://bangla.thereport24.com/article/96451/index.html (accessed 10 February 2016).

  47. 47.

    See “Ideology and Objectives.” Khelafat Majlis. http://khelafatmajlis.org/ (accessed 11 February 2016).

  48. 48.

    See “Basic Programs.” Khelafat Majlis. http://khelafatmajlis.org/ (accessed 11 February 2016).

  49. 49.

    See “An Introduction to Islami Andolan Bangladesh.” http://www.islamiandolanbd.org/ (accessed 11 February 2016).

  50. 50.

    Ibid.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    See “Statistical Report: 8th Parliament Election 2001.” op. cit.

  54. 54.

    See “Statistical Report: 9th Parliamentary Election 2008.” op. cit.

  55. 55.

    See “Statistical Report: 5th Parliamentary Elections 1991.” Bangladesh Election Commission, p. 48.

  56. 56.

    Ibid.

  57. 57.

    See “Statistical Report: 9th Parliamentary Election 2008.” op. cit.

  58. 58.

    See “Tariqat Federation Demands Ban on Jamaat-e-Islami.” Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS), 24 February 2014. http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=391896$date=2014-02-24&dateCurrent=2014-03-02 (accessed 12 February 2016).

  59. 59.

    See “Statistical Report: 9th Parliamentary Election 2008.” op. cit.

  60. 60.

    See “Islamic Front Demands Ban on Jamaat-Shibir.” The Daily Star , 9 March 2013. http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/islamic-front-demands-ban-on-jamaat-shibir/ (accessed 16 February 2016).

  61. 61.

    Ibid.

  62. 62.

    See “Draft Constitution of Khilafah.” Hizb at-Tahrir Bangladesh, 16 August 2010. http://www.ht-bangladesh.info/sites/default/files/books/Constitution-beng.pdf (accessed 12 February 2016).

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    See “Bangladesh Islamist Group Banned.” BBC News, 23 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8321329.stm (accessed 13 February 2016).

  65. 65.

    See Ishfaq Ilahi Choudhury, “Religious Extremism in Bangladesh.” The Daily Star , 1 January 2014. http://www.thedailystar.net/religious-extremism-in-bangladesh-4677 (accessed 13 February 2016).

  66. 66.

    See “Al Qaeda O IS’er Sompriktota Niye Rohosso: Bangladeshe Jongi Hamla” [Mystery over the Association of Al Qaeda with IS: The Militant-Attacks on Bangladesh]. The Daily Janakantha , 25 December 2015, Dhaka.

  67. 67.

    See “Bangladesh Bans Islamist Group for Anti-state Activities.” The Daily Star , 25 May 2015. http://www.thedailystar.net/country/ansarullah-bangla-team-banned-87172 (accessed 13 February 2016).

  68. 68.

    See Andrew Marszal and Chris Graham, “20 Hostages Killed in ‘ISIL’ Attack on Dhaka Restaurant Popular with Foreigners.” The Telegraph, 2 July 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/01/gunmen-attack-restaurant-in-diplomatic-quarter-of-bangladeshi-ca/ (accessed 14 July 2016).

  69. 69.

    See Bijan Sarkar, “The Emergence of Militancy in Bangladesh: A Review.” bdnews24.com, 20 January 2015. http://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/24140 (accessed 13 February 2016).

  70. 70.

    See “Shahdat-e-al-Hikma (SAH).” GlobalSecurity.org http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/sah.htm (accessed 13 February 2016).

  71. 71.

    See “Dhaka Bans Dawood Terror Groups.” The Economic Times, 18 February 2003. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-02-18/news/27554804_1_dawood-ibrahim-bans-mumbai-blasts-case (accessed 13 February 2016).

  72. 72.

    See “Mapping Militant Organizations: Harkat-ul-Jihadi al-Islami.” Stanford University. http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/217 (accessed 13 February 2016).

  73. 73.

    See “Harkatul Jihad Banned at Last: Govt. Terms It ‘a Terrorist Outfit’.” The Daily Star , 18 October 2005. http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/10/18/d5101801033.htm (accessed 13 February 2016).

  74. 74.

    Ibid.

  75. 75.

    See Kellan Howell, “Islamic Extremists in Bangladesh Publish Global Hit List of Bloggers; Two Americans Listed.” The Washington Times, 24 September 2015. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/24/ansarullah-bangla-team-publishes-global-hit-list-o/ (accessed 14 February 2016).

  76. 76.

    See “Rajib Killing: Ansarullah Bangla Team Chief, 7 NSU Students Indicted.” The Daily Star , 18 March 2015. http://www.thedailystar.net/country/rajib-killing-ansarullah-bangla-team-chief-6-nsu-students-indicted-72314 (accessed 14 February 2016).

  77. 77.

    See “Bangladesh Govt. Bans Islamist Outfit Ansarullah Bangla Team for Anti-state Activities.” The Daily Star , 26 May 2015. http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/ansarullah-outfit-banned-87394 (accessed 14 February 2016).

  78. 78.

    See “Bangladeshi Bloggers: What We Want the World to Know.” CNN, 29 April 2016. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/28/opinions/bangladeshi-bloggers-opinion/ (accessed 14 July 2016).

  79. 79.

    See Syed Zain Al-Mahmood, “Bangladesh Attacks Reveals Reach of Islamic State’s Radicalism.” The Wall Street Journal, 3 July 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/bangladesh-attack-reveals-reach-of-islamic-states-radicalism-1467569861 (accessed 14 July 2016).

  80. 80.

    See Kailash Sarkar, “Ten Islamist Outfits to Face Ban.” Dhaka Tribune, 21 August 2013. http://www.dhakatribune.com/law-amp-rights/2013/aug/21/government-mulls-banning-10-islamist-outfits (accessed 14 February 2016).

  81. 81.

    Ibid.

  82. 82.

    See “BNP for National Consensus to Deal with Militancy.” New Age, 9 October 2015. http://newagebd.net/164824/bnp-for-national-consensus-to-deal-with-militancy/ (accessed 15 February 2016).

  83. 83.

    See Shaikh Azizur Rahman, “Bangladesh Muslim Leaders Move to Counter Islamist Militants.” Voice of America, 18 December 2015, Kolkata. http://www.voanews.com/content/bangladesh-muslim-leaders-move-to-counter-islamist-militants/3109919.html (accessed 15 February 2016).

  84. 84.

    Ibid.

  85. 85.

    In interviews with the authors, Ashraf Ali Akan , a central leader of the Islami Andolan Bangladesh (IAB), and Mufti Fayzullah , Secretary-General of the Islami Oikya Jote (IOJ) expressed this view.

  86. 86.

    See “An Introduction to Islami Andolan Bangladesh.” op. cit.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Studies, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

    Md Nazrul Islam

  2. Division of Sociology, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong, Singapore

    Md Saidul Islam

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Islam, M.N., Islam, M.S. (2020). Islam, Islamism, and Democracy in Bangladesh. In: Islam and Democracy in South Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42909-6_8

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