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Clinical Neuroanatomy pp 127–167Cite as

Notes on Techniques

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Abstract

In this introductory chapter, techniques for studying brain circuitry will be discussed. Many features of the fibre connections of the human brain and spinal cord have been elucidated by the analysis of normal preparations stained by the Weigert-Pal and Klüver-Barrera techniques in order to demonstrate the myelin sheaths around axons of neurons (► Sect. 3.2). Brain circuitry can be studied with these myelin-staining techniques, the classic Marchi and Nauta degeneration techniques and the more recent tract-tracing techniques (► Sect. 3.3), with immunohistochemistry (► Sect. 3.4) as well as with various electrophysiological techniques (► Sect. 3.5). The development of modern non-invasive imaging techniques (► Sect. 3.6) such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has greatly improved our knowledge of the circuitry of the human central nervous system (CNS). New developments in MR imaging such as diffusion MRI (dMRI; “tractography”) allow the visualization of the major fibre connections in the human CNS. These various techniques are illustrated with examples on the corticospinal tract and long association pathways. ► Section 3.7 includes a brief discussion of what became to be known as the human connectome.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 935 Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands

    Hans J. ten Donkelaar

  2. 920 Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Jonne Doorduin

  3. Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK

    Marco Catani

  4. Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Martijn P. van den Heuvel

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  1. Hans J. ten Donkelaar
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  4. Martijn P. van den Heuvel
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ten Donkelaar, H.J., Doorduin, J., Catani, M., van den Heuvel, M.P. (2020). Notes on Techniques. In: Clinical Neuroanatomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41878-6_3

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