Abstract
Engagement in leisure pursuits and cognitively stimulating activities during adulthood can serve as a means of enhancing the cognitive functioning and quality of life among adults with ID, in the short and long term. This chapter first presents cognitive activity theory, which emphasizes the effects of participating in cognitively stimulating activities for adults with typical development, and then reports on two studies that confirm the applicability of cognitive activity theory to populations with ID in the short term. Finally, utilization of leisure and cognitive activities is shown as a means for enhancing the cognition, affect, and behavior of adults with ID in line with the triple CAB model.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type is a progressive and largely irreversible syndrome that is characterized by a loss of cognitive function severe enough to impact social or occupational functioning (Alzheimer’s Association, 2018). The affected components of cognitive function include memory and learning, attention, concentration, problem-solving, calculation, language, and geographic orientation. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s at ages 60–64 years is only 1%, whereas its prevalence at ages 85–90 rises to 30%, and above 90 years of age 60% demonstrate Alzheimer’s (for more information, see Chap. 6).
References
Ackerman, P. L., & Rolfhus, E. L. (1999). The locus of adult intelligence: Knowledge, abilities and nonability traits. Psychology and Aging, 14(2), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.314
Altman, D. G. (1999). Practical statistics for medical research. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Alzheimer’s Association. (2018). Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 14(3), 367–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. New York, NY: Longman.
Arzouan, Y., Goldstein, A., & Faust, M. (2007). Dynamics of hemispheric activity during metaphor comprehension: Electrophysiological measures. NeuroImage, 36(1), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.015
Azaiza, F., Croitoru, T., Rimmerman, A., & Naon, D. (2012). Participation in leisure activities of Jewish and Arab adults with intellectual disabilities living in the community. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(3), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2012.11950270
Bayen, E., Possin, K. L., Chen, Y., Cleret de Langavant, L., & Yaffe, K. (2018). Prevalence of aging, dementia, and multimorbidity in older adults with Down syndrome. JAMA Neurology, 75(11), 1399–1406. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2210
Bergström, H., Hochwälder, J., Kottorp, A., & Elinder, L. S. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of a scale to assess satisfaction with life among people with intellectual disabilities living in community residences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(3), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01531.x
Bustan, N., Lifshitz, H. & Shnitzer-Meirovich, S. (2018). Endogenous and exogenous factors as predictors of crystallized and fluid intelligence among adolescents and adults with Down syndrome. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Cairns, N. J. (2001). Molecular neuropathology of transgenic mouse models of Down syndrome. In G. Lubec (Ed.), Protein expression in Down syndrome brain (pp. 289–301). Vienna, Austria: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6262-0_24
Carmeli, E., Kessel, S., Coleman, R., & Ayalon, M. (2002). Effects of a treadmill walking program on muscle strength and balance in elderly people with Down syndrome. Journal of Gerontology: Series A. Biology Science and Medical Science, 57(2), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.2.m106
Chapman, R. S. (2006). Language learning in Down syndrome: The speech and language profile compared to adolescents with cognitive impairment of unknown origin. Down’s Syndrome Research and Practice, 10(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.3104/reports.306
Chicoine, B., & McGuire, D. (1997). Longevity of a woman with Down syndrome: A case study. Mental Retardation, 35(6), 477–479. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(1997)035<0477:LOAWWD>2.0.CO;2
Clare, L., McKenna, P. J., Mortimer, A. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Memory in schizophrenia: What is impaired and what is preserved? Neuropsychologia, 31(11), 1225–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(93)90070-G
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., … Kramer, A. F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journal of Gerontology: Series A. Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(11), 1166–1170. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166
Cramer, S. C., Sur, M., Dobkin, B. H., O’Brien, C., Sanger, T. D., Trojanowski, J. Q., … Vinogradov, S. (2011). Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Brain, 134(6), 1591–1609. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr039
Das, J. P., & Mishra, R. K. (1995). Assessment of cognitive decline associated with aging: A comparison of individuals with Down syndrome and other etiologies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(94)00032-5
Devenny, D. A., Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Sersen, G., & Silverman, W. P. (2000). Sequence of cognitive decline in dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44(6), 654–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2000.00305.x
Devenny, D. A., Silverman, W. P., Hill, A. L., Jenkins, E., Sersen, E. A., & Wisniewski, K. E. (1996). Normal ageing in adults with Down’s syndrome: A longitudinal study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(3), 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00624.x
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test (3rd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Duvdevany, I., & Arar, E. (2004). Leisure activities, friendships, and quality of life of persons with intellectual disability: Foster homes vs community residential settings. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 27(4), 289–296.
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., … Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 108(7), 3017–3022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108
Feuerstein, R. (2003). Feuerstein’s theory of cognitive modifiability and mediated learning. In T. O. Seng, R. D. Parsons, S. L. Hinson, & D. S. Brown (Eds.), Educational psychology: A practitioner-researcher approach (pp. 59–60). Singapore, Singapore: Seng Lee.
Feuerstein, R., & Falik, F. L. (2010). Learning to think, thinking to learn: A comparative analysis of three approaches to instruction. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 9(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.9.1.4
Feuerstein, R., & Rand, Y. (1974). Mediated learning experiences: An outline of the proximal etiology for differential development of cognitive functions. In L. Goldfien (Ed.), International understanding: Cultural differences in the development of cognitive processes (pp. 7–37). New York, NY: Guilford.
Forehand, M. (2010). Bloom’s taxonomy. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching and technology. Retrieved from https://textbookequity.org/Textbooks/Orey_Emergin_Perspectives_Learning.pdf
Forehand, M. (2016). Bloom’s taxonomy. In P. Lombardi (Ed.), Instructional methods, strategies and technologies to meet the needs of all learners. Retrieved from https://granite.pressbooks.pub/teachingdiverselearners/chapter/blooms-taxonomy-2/
Glanz, Y. (1989). Hahashiva ke’tifkud tlat-kivuni [Thinking and three-directional functioning]. Ramat Gan, Israel: Reches.
Gooding, L. F., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Kryscio, R. J., & Schmitt, F. A. (2014). Musical training and late-life cognition. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementia, 29(4), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513517048
Hawkins, B. A., Eklund, S. J., James, D. R., & Foose, A. K. (2003). Adaptive behavior and cognitive function of adults with Down syndrome: Modeling change with age. Mental Retardation, 41(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2003)041<0007:ABACFO>2.0.CO;2
Head, K., Lott, I. T., Patterson, D., Doran, E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). Possible compensatory events in adults with Down syndrome brain prior to Alzheimer disease neuropathology: Target for nonpharmacological intervention. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 11(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2007-11110
Heller, T. (2017). Service and support needs of adults aging with intellectual/developmental disabilities – Testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Aging Working and Aging with Disabilities: From school to retirement. Retrieved from https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA_Heller_10_25_17.pdf
Heller, T., Miller, A. B., Hsieh, K., & Sterns, H. (2000). Later-life planning: Promoting knowledge of options and choice-making. Mental Retardation, 38(5), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038<0395:LPPKOO>2.0.CO;2
Heller, T., Scott, H. M., & Janicki, M. (2018). Caregiving, intellectual disability, and dementia: Report of the Summit Workgroup on Caregiving and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 4, 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.002
Herrera, A. P., Meeks, T. W., Dawes, S. E., Hernandez, D. M., Thompson, W. K., Sommerfeld, D. H., & Jeste, D. V. (2011). Emotional and cognitive health correlates of leisure activities in older Latino and Caucasian women. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16(6), 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.555773
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26(2), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(67)90011-X
Ihle, A., Oris, M., Fagot, D., Baeriswyl, M., Guichard, E., & Kliegel, M. (2015). The association of leisure activities in middle adulthood with cognitive performance in old age: The moderating role of educational level. Gerontology, 61(6), 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381311
Janicki, M. P., & Dalton, A. J. (2000). Prevalence of dementia and impact on intellectual disability services. Mental Retardation, 38(2), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038<0276:PODAIO>2.0.CO;2
Janicki, M. P., Dalton, A. J., Henderson, C. M., & Davidson, P. W. (1999). Mortality and morbidity among older adults with intellectual disability: Health services considerations. Disability and Rehabilitation, 21(5–6), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/096382899297710
Kasirer, A., & Mashal, N. (2014). Verbal creativity in autism: Comprehension and generation of metaphoric language in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and typical development. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00615
Kaufman, A. S. (2001). WAIS-III IQs, Horn’s theory, and generational changes from young adulthood to old age. Intelligence, 29(2), 131–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(00)00046-5
Kavé, G., Kukulansky-Segal, D., Avraham, A., Herzberg, O., & Landa, J. (2010). Searching for the right word: Performance on four word-retrieval tasks across childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 16(6), 549–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2010.485124
Keil, F. C. (1986). Conceptual domains and the acquisition of metaphor. Cognitive Development, 1(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(86)80024-7
Kim, E. Y., & Kim, K. W. (2014). A theoretical framework for cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults: Stimulation versus compensation. Aging and Mental Health, 18(3), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.868404
Kim, J., Schillinga, M. L., Kim, M., & Han, A. (2016). Contribution of leisure satisfaction, acceptance disability and social relationship to life satisfaction among Korean individuals with intellectual disability. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 9(3), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2016.1182237
Kimura, K., Obuchi, S., Arai, T., Nagasawa, H., Shiba, Y., Watanabe, S., & Kojima, M. (2010). The influence of short-term strength training on health-related quality of life and executive cognitive function. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 29(3), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.29.95
Kogan, N., Connor, K., Gross, A., & Fava, D. (1980). Understanding visual metaphor: Developmental and individual differences. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 45(1, Serial No. 183), 1–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165832
Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Devenny, D. A., Gu, H., Jenkins, E. C., Kittler, P., Murty, V. V., … Silverman, W. (2008). Successful aging in a 70-year-old man with Down syndrome: A case study. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 46(3), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1352/2008.46:215-228
Lachman, M. E., Agrigoroaei, S., Murphy, C., & Tun, P. A. (2010). Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ab8b62
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Lifshitz, H. (2002). Later life planning program: A pre-test assessment in Israel. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 37(3–4), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v37n03_07
Lifshitz, H., & Klein, P. S. (2011). Mediation between staff and elderly persons with intellectual disability with Alzheimer disease as a means of enhancing their daily functioning. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(1), 106–115.
Lifshitz, H., Klein, P. S., & Fridel Cohen, S. (2010). Effects of MISC intervention on cognition, autonomy, and behavioral functioning of adult consumers with severe intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(4), 881–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.02.012
Lifshitz, H., Merrick, J., & Morad, M. (2008). Health status and ADL functioning of older persons with intellectual disability: Community residence versus residential care centers. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(4), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.06.005
Lifshitz, H., & Rand, Y. (1999). Cognitive modifiability in adult and older people with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 37(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(1999)037<0125:CMIAAO>2.0.CO;2
Lifshitz, H., & Tzuriel, D. (2004). Durability of effects of instrumental enrichment in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 3(3), 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1891/194589504787382992
Lifshitz, H., Tzuriel, D., & Weiss, I. (2005). Effects of training in conceptual versus perceptual analogies among adolescents and adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 5(2), 144–170. https://doi.org/10.1891/194589505787382504
Lifshitz, H., Weiss, I., Tzuriel, D., & Tzemach, M. (2011). New model of mapping difficulties in solving analogical problems among adolescents and adults with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(1), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.10.010
Lifshitz-Vahav, H. (2015). Compensation Age Theory (CAT): Effect of chronological age on individuals with intellectual disability. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 50(2), 142–154.
Lifshitz-Vahav, H., Shnitzer, S., & Mashal, N. (2016). Participation in recreation and cognitive activities as a predictor of cognitive performance of adults with/without Down syndrome. Aging & Mental Health, 20(9), 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1047322
Lifshitz-Vahav, H., Shrira, A., & Bodner, E. (2017). The reciprocal relationship between participation in leisure activities and cognitive functioning: The moderating effect of self-rated literacy level. Aging & Mental Health, 21(5), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1124838
Mahncke, H. W., Connor, B. B., Appelman, J., Ahsanuddin, O. N., Hardy, J. L., Wood, R. A., … Merzenich, M. M. (2006). Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: A randomized, controlled study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103(33), 12523–12528. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605194103
Marquinea, M. J., Segawa, E., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., & Barnes, L. L. (2012). Association between cognitive activity and cognitive function in older Hispanics. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(2), 1041–1051. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771200080X
Mashal, N., & Kasirer, A. (2011). Thinking maps enhance metaphoric competence in children with autism and learning disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2045–2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.012
McGrew, K. S. (2009). CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research. Intelligence, 37(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.004
Melbøe, L., & Ytterhus, B. (2017). Disability leisure: In what kind of activities, and when and how do youths with intellectual disabilities participate? Journal Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 9(3), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2016.1264467
Muscari, A., Giannoni, C., Pierpaoli, L., Berzigotti, A., Maietta, P., Foschi, E., … Zoli, M. (2010). Chronic endurance exercise training prevents aging-related cognitive decline in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(10), 1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2462
Netz, Y., Tomer, R., Axelrad, S., Argov, E., & Inbar, O. (2007). The effect of a single aerobic training session on cognitive flexibility in late middle-aged adults. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(1), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924027
Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., … Bordin, A. (2010). Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: A randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24(4), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968309353328
Paas, F. G. W. C., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Adam, J. J. (1994). Measurement of cognitive load in instructional research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(1), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.419
Patterson, I., & Pegg, S. (2009). Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities: Benefits and opportunities. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903071688
Phillips, C. (2017). Lifestyle modulators of neuroplasticity: How physical activity, mental engagement, and diet promote cognitive health during aging. Neural Plasticity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3589271
Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (3rd ed., pp. 103–128). New York, NY: Wiley.
Prince, M., Acosta, D., Chiu, H., Scazufca, M., & Varghese, M. (2003). Dementia diagnosis in developing countries: A cross-cultural validation study. Lancet, 361(9361), 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12772-9
Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales: Section 3. Standard progressive matrices. Oxford, UK: Oxford Psychologists Press.
Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1983). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales: Advanced progressive matrices sets I and II. London, UK: H. K. Lewis.
Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1986). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. Oxford, UK: Oxford Psychologists Press.
Reitan, R. M., & Davison, L. A. (1974). Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. New York, NY: Wiley.
Sajeev, G., Weuve, J., Jackson, J. W., VanderWeele, T. J., Bennett, D. A., Grodstein, F., & Blacker, D. (2016). Late-life cognitive activity and dementia: A systematic review and bias analysis. Epidemiology, 27(5), 732–742. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000513
Salthouse, T. A. (2009). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30(4), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023
Shnitzer-Meirovich, S., Lifshitz, H., & Mashal, N. (2018). Enhancing the comprehension of visual metaphors in individuals with intellectual disability with or without Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 74, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.01.010
Soubelet, A. (2011). Engaging in cultural activities compensates for educational differences in cognitive abilities. Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Series B. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 18(5), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.598913
Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement. Oxford, UK: Macmillan.
Spector, A., Orrell, M., & Woods, B. (2010). Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST): Effects on different areas of cognitive function for people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatrtic Psychiatry, 25(12), 1253–1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2464
Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet. Neurology, 11(11), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70191-6
Stern, Y., Habeck, C., Moeller, J., Scarmeas, N., Anderson, K. E., Hilton, J., … van Heertum, R. (2005). Brain networks associated with cognitive reserve in healthy young and old adults. Cerebral Cortex, 15(4), 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh142
Tzuriel, D. (2011a). Mediated learning and cognitive modifiability. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of sciences learning (pp. 2154–2157). New York, NY: Springer.
Tzuriel, D. (2011b). Mediators of learning. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of sciences learning (pp. 2157–2161). New York, NY: Springer.
Tzuriel, D. (2013a). Dynamic assessment of learning potential. In M. Mo & C. Mok (Eds.), Self-directed learning oriented assessments in the Asia-Pacific (pp. 235–255). Dordrecht: Springer, The Netherlands.
Tzuriel, D. (2013b). Mediated learning experience and cognitive modifiability. Journal of Cognitive Educational Psychology, 12(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.12.1.59
Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI™). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (2001). Mivchan inteligenzia le’mevugarim – Girsa ivrit [WAIS-IIIHEB: Manual of administration and scoring]. Jerusalem, Israel: PsychTech.
Whitehurst, G. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (1998). Child development and emergent literacy. Child Development, 69(3), 848–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06247.x
Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., Aggarwal, N. T., Boyle, P. A., Hebert, L. E., Mendes de Leon, C. F., & Evans, D. A. (2010). Cognitive activity and the cognitive morbidity of Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 75(11), 990–996. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b5e
Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2003). Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.634.14572
Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., Krueger, K. R., Hoganson, G., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2005). Early and late life cognitive activity and cognitive systems in old age. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11(4), 400–407. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617705050459
Wilson, R. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2003). Cognitive activity and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01236
Wilson, R. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2005). Assessment of cognitive decline in old age with brief tests amenable to telephone administration. Neuroepidemiology, 25(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1159/000085309
Wilson, R. S., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Barnes, L., Schneider, J. A., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2002). Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA, 287(6), 742–748. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.6.742
Winocur, G., Craik, F. I. M., Levine, B., Robertson, I. H., Binns, M. A., Alexander, M. P., … Stuss, D. T. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: Overview and future directions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070191
Wiseman, F. K., Al-Janabi, T., Hardy, J., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Nizetic, D., Tybulewicz, V. L., … Strydom, A. (2015). A genetic cause of Alzheimer disease: Mechanistic insights from Down syndrome. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 16(9), 564–574. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3983
Wolfensberger, W. (2002). Social role valorization and, or versus, ‘empowerment’. Mental Retardation, 40(3), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2002)040<0252:SRVAOV>2.0.CO;2
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2018, January 18). Disability and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health
Yates, L. A., Ziser, S., Spector, A., & Orrel, M. (2016). Cognitive leisure activities and future risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Psychogeriatrics, 8(11), 1791–1806. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216001137
Zhu, Q. B., Bao, A. M., Swaab, D., & Neurosci, B. (2019). Activation of the brain to postpone dementia: A concept originating from postmortem human brain studies. Neuroscience Bulletin, 35(2), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-019-00340-5
Zigman, W., Schupf, N., Zigman, A., & Silverman, W. (1993). Aging and Alzheimer disease in people with mental retardation. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 19, 41–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7750(08)60188-3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lifshitz, H. (2020). Leisure and Cognitively Stimulating Activities as Means for Improving Cognitive Performance in Persons with Intellectual Disability During Adulthood. In: Growth and Development in Adulthood among Persons with Intellectual Disability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38352-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38352-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38351-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38352-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)