Abstract
This chapter is focused on the chemical transformations of alkoxides or precursors derived from alkoxides in solution, to synthesize oxide sol-gel materials. It follows a pattern similar to Chap. 2. After addressing the structure of alkoxides, their hydrolysis and condensation reactions are next described, followed by a short review of the behavior of a few simple oxides made from these precursors: boron, silicon, aluminum, zirconium, and titanium oxides. The chemistry of silicon alkoxide is a special case, as it has seen a tremendous expansion during the last 20 years. The applications of glycol complexed silanes and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are summarized in special paragraphs. However, the functionalization of organo-alkoxysilane is largely connected to the very rich domain of hybrid organic-inorganic materials, and hence many of its aspects are treated separately in Chap. 10. The mixing of alkoxides with other alkoxides or precursors comes in a further section. Very interesting new sol-gel procedures, such as non-hydrolytic routes in water-free solvents, appear in the last section of this chapter along with their short review.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
R. Aelion, A. Loebel, F. Elrich, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 5705–5712 (1950)
P.A. Agaskar, Inorg. Chem. 30, 2707–2708 (1991)
P.A. Agaskar, W.G. Klemperer, Inorg. Chim. Acta 229, 355–364 (1995)
C. Allié, R. Pirard, A.J. Lecloux, J.P. Pirard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 246, 216–228 (1999)
M. Andrianainarivelo, R. Corriu, D. Leclercq, P.H. Mutin, A. Vioux, J. Mater. Chem. 6, 1665–1671 (1996)
K.A. Andrianov, B.A. Izmailov, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 46, 329–335 (1976)
P. Arnal, R.J.P. Corriu, D. Leclercq, P.H. Mutin, A. Vioux, J. Mater. Chem. 6, 1925–1932 (1996)
T. Assih, A. Ayral, M. Abenoza, J. Phalippou, J. Mater. Sci. 23, 3326–3331 (1988)
R.H. Baney, Some Organometallic Routes to Ceramics, in Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, ed. by L. L. Hench, D. R. Ulrich, (John Wiley, New York, 1984), pp. 245–255
D. Banerjea, J. Indian Chem. Soc. LI, 90–94 (1974)
E.A. Barringer, H.K. Bowen, Comm. Am. Soc., C199–C201 (1982)
S. Baskaran, L. Song, J. Liu, Y.L. Chen, G.L. Graff, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 401–408 (1998)
A.R. Bassindale, I.A. MacKinnon, M.G. Maesano, P.G. Taylor, Chem. Commun., 1382–1383 (2003)
A.F. Bedilo, K.J. Klabunde, J. Nano Mater. 8, 119–135 (1997)
M. Bent, Y. Gun’ko, J. Organomet. Chem. 690, 463–468 (2005)
S. Bi, C. Wang, Q. Cao, C. Zhang, Coord. Chem. Rev. 248, 441–455 (2004)
J.B. Blum, S.R. Gurkovich, J. Mater. Sci. 20, 4479–4483 (1985)
C. Bonhomme, M. Henry, J. Livage, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 159, 22–30 (1993)
J.M. Boulton, J. Thompson, H.H. Fox, I. Gorodisher, G. Teowee, P.D. Calvert, D.R. Uhlmann, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 180, 987–994 (1990)
L. Bourget, R.J.P. Corriu, D. Leclercq, P.H. Mutin, A. Vioux, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 242, 81–91 (1998a)
L. Bourget, P.H. Mutin, A. Vioux, J.M. Frances, J. Polym. Sci. A 36, 2415–2425 (1998b)
L. Bourget, D. Leclercq, A. Vioux, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 14, 137–147 (1999)
T. Boyd, J. Polym. Sci. 7, 591–602 (1951)
D.C. Bradley, D.G. Carter, Can. J. Chem. 39, 1434–1443 (1961)
D.C. Bradley, W. Wardlaw, J Chem. Soc. Lond., 280–285 (1951)
D.C. Bradley, R.C. Mehotra, D.P. Gaur, Metal Alkoxides (Academic Press, London, 1978)
D.C. Bradley, R.C. Mehrotra, I.P. Rothwell, A. Singh, Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals (Academic Press, New York, 2001)
C.J. Brinker, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 99, 359–370 (1988)
C.J. Brinker, S.P. Mukherjee, Thin Solid Films 77, 141–148 (1981)
C.J. Brinker, K.D. Keefer, D.W. Schaefer, C.S. Ashley, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 48, 47–64 (1982)
C.J. Brinker, K.J. Ward, K.D. Keefer, E. Holupta, P.J. Bray, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 73, 57–68 (1986a)
C.J. Brinker, B.C. Bunker, D.R. Tallant, K.J. Ward, J. Chim. Phys. 83(83), 851–858 (1986b)
C.J. Brinker, G.W. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science—The Physics and Chemistry of Sol- Gel Processing (Academic Press, New York, 1990)
J.F. Brown, The polycondensation of phenylsilanetriol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 4317–4324 (1965)
L.M. Brown, K.S. Mazdiyasni, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 55, 541 (1972)
J.F. Brown, L.H. Vogt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 4313–4317 (1965)
J.F. Brown, L.H. Vogt, P.I. Prescott, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 1120–1125 (1964)
K. Bürglová, A. Noureddine, J. Hodačová, G. Toquer, X. Cattoën, M. Wong Chi Man, Chem. Eur. J. 20, 10371–10382 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201403136
J. Caruso, M.J. Hampden-Smith, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 8, 35–39 (1997)
X. Cattoën, A. Noureddine, J. Croissant, N. Moitra, K. Burglová, J. Hodačová, O. De los Cobos, M. Lejeune, F. Rossignol, D. Toulemon, S. Bégin-Colin, B. Pichon, L. Raehm, J.-O. Durand, M. Wong Chi Man, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 70, 245–253 (2014)
Y. Chen, X. Ai, C. Huang, Mater. Sci. Eng. B77, 221–228 (2000)
T. Chevallier, T. Woignier, J. Toucet, E. Blanchart, P. Dieudonne, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 48, 231–238 (2008)
H.M. Cho, H. Weissman, S.R. Wilson, J.S. Moore, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 14742–14743 (2006)
Y. Chujo, E. Ihara, S. Kure, K. Suzuki, T. Saegusa, Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. 42/43, 303–312 (1991)
P. Colomban, L’industrie Ceramique 697, 531–535 (1976)
P. Colomban, L’industrie Ceramique 792–793, 186–196 (1985)
B.K. Coltrain, C.J.T. Landry, J.M. O’Reilly, A.M. Chamberlain, G.A. Rakes, J.S.S. Sedita, L.W. Kels, M.R. Landry, V.K. Long, Chem. Mater. 5, 1445–1455 (1993)
D.B. Cordes, P.D. Lickiss, F. Rataboul, Chem. Rev. 110, 2081–2173 (2010)
R.J.P. Corriu, C. Guerin, J.E.E. Moreau, Top. Stereochem. 15, 43–198 (1984)
R.J.P. Corriu, D. Leclercq, A. Vioux, M. Pauthe, J. Phalippou, in Ultrastructure Processing of Advanced Ceramics, ed. by J. D. Mackenzie, D. R. Ulrich, (Wiley, New York, 1988), p. 113
R.J.P. Corriu, J.J.E. Moreau, P. Thepot, M. Wong Chi Man, Chem. Mater. 4, 1217–1224 (1992a)
R.J.P. Corriu, D. Leclercq, P. Lefevre, P.H. Mutin, A. Vioux, Chem. Mater. 4, 961–963 (1992b)
H.M. Crocker, R. Herold, M. Crocker, A. Guy Orpen, Chem. Commun., 2411–2412 (1997)
J. Croissant, M. Maynadier, O. Mongin, V. Hugues, M. Blanchard-Desce, A. Chaix, X. Cattoën, M. Wong Chi Man, A. Gallud, M. Gary-Bobo, M. Garcia, L. Raehm, J.-O. Durand, Small 11, 295–299 (2015)
S. Dai, Y.H. Ju, H.J. Gao, J.S. Lin, S.J. Pennycook, C.E. Barnes, Chem. Commun., 243–244 (2000)
V.W. Day, T.A. Eberspacher, W.G. Klemperer, C.W. Park, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 8190 (1991)
N. de la Rosa-Fox, L. Esquivias, A.F. Craievich, J. Zarzycki, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 121, 211–215 (1990)
N. de la Rosa-Fox, V. Morales-Florez, M. Pinero, L. Esquivias, Key Eng. Mater. 391, 45–78 (2009)
J.C. Debsikdar, J. Mater. Sci. 20, 4454–4458 (1985)
J.C. Debsikdar, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 86, 231–240 (1986)
Z. Deng, J. Wang, J. Wei, J. Shen, B. Zhou, L. Chen, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 19, 677–680 (2000)
P. Dieudonne, A. Hafidi Alaoui, P. Delord, J. Phalippou, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 262, 155–161 (2000)
H. Dislich, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 10, 363–370 (1971)
H. Dislich, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 57, 371–388 (1983)
M. Ebelmen, Ann. Chim. Phys. 16, 129–166 (1846)
M. Ebelmen, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 25, 854–856 (1847)
J.O. Edwards, V. Ross, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 15(15), 329–337 (1960)
M.A. Einarsrud, E. Nilsen, A. Rigacci, G.M. Pajonk, S. Buathier, D. Valette, M. Durant, P. Cheva-lier, P. Nitz, F. Ehrburger-Dolle, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 285, 1–7 (2001)
H. El Rassy, P. Buisson, B. Bouali, A. Perrard, A.C. Pierre, Langmuir 19, 358–363 (2003)
R.J. Errington, Advanced Practical Inorganic and Metal Organic Chemistry (Blackie Acad, London, 1997)
L. Esquivias, M. Piiiero, V. Morales-Fierez, N. de la Rosa-Fox, Chapter 20: Aerogels Synthesis by Sono-Catalysis: Sonogels, in Aerogels Handbook, Advanced in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technology, ed. by M. A. Aegerter, N. Leventis, M. M. Koebel, (Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 2011), pp. 419–445
F.J. Feher, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 3850–3852 (1986)
F.J. Feher, T.A. Budzichowski, J. Organomet. Chem. 373, 153–163 (1989)
F.J. Feher, D. Soulivong, F. Nguyen, Chem. Commun. (Camb.), 1279–1280 (1998)
F.J. Feher, R. Terroba, J.W. Ziller, Chem. Commun. (Camb.), 2153–2154 (1999)
D. Frąckowiak, P. Żak, G. Spólnik, M. Pyziak, B. Marciniec, Organometallics 34, 3950–3958 (2015)
G. Garnweitner, M. Antonietti, M. Niederberger, Chem. Commun., 397–399 (2005)
G. Garnweitner, N. Tsedev, H. Dierke, M. Niederberger, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 890–895 (2008)
A.E. Gash, T.M. Tillotson, J.H. Satcher Jr., L.W. Hrubesh, R.L. Simpson, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 285, 22–28 (2001)
V.C. Gibson, A.J. Graham, D.L. Ormsby, B.P. Ward, A.J.P. White, D.J. Williams, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 2597 (2002)
R.H. Glaser, G.L. Wilkes, Polym. Bull. 19, 51–57 (1988)
R.G. Gossink, H.A.M. Coenen, A.R.C. Engelfriet, M.L. Verheijke, J.C. Verplanke, Mater. Res. Bull. 10(10), 35–40 (1975)
G.H. Haertling, C.E. Land, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54, 1–11 (1971)
G.H. Haertling, C.E. Land, Ferroelectric 3, 269–280 (1972)
A. Hafidi Alaoui, T. Woignier, J. Phalippou, G.W. Scherer, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 13, 365–369 (1998)
L.B. Hammouda, I. Mejri, M.K. Younes, A. Ghorbel, Chapter 6: ZrO2 Aerogels, in Aerogels Handbook, Advanced in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technology, ed. by M. A. Aegerter, N. Leventis, M. M. Koebel, (Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 2011), pp. 127–143
J.H. Harreld, T. Ebina, N. Tsubo, G. Stucky, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 298, 241–251 (2002)
T. Hayashi, H. Saito, J. Mater. Sci. 15, 1971–1977 (1980)
G. Helgesson, S. Jagner, O. Poncelet, L.G. Hubert-Pfalzgraf, Polyhedron 10, 1559 (1991)
K. Higuchi, S. Naka, S.S. Hirano, Adv. Ceram. Mater. 1, 104–107 (1986)
H. Hirashima, Chapter 7: Preparation of TiO2 Aerogels-Like Materials Under Ambient Pressure, in Aerogels Handbook, Advanced in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technology, ed. by M. A. Aegerter, N. Leventis, M. M. Koebel, (Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 2011), pp. 145–153
D. Hoebbel, L. Pitsch, D. Heidemann, H. Jancke, W. Hiller, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 583, 133–144 (1990)
D.M. Hoffman, D. Lappas, D.A. Wierda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 1531 (1989)
L.G. Hubert-Pfalzgraf, Polyhedron 13, 1181 (1994)
L.G. Hubert-Pfalzgraf, Coordination Chem. Rev. 6, 102–120 (2003)
M. Iwasaki, A. Yasumori, S. Shibata, M. Yamane, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2, 387–391 (1994)
M. Jansen, E. Guenther, Water- and Hydroxyl Group-Free Gels and Xerogels Based on a Net-work of Oxygen-Bridged Metal and/or Semimetal Atoms, and Their Manufacture and Use, Eur. Pat. Appl. (Cerdec Aktiengesellschaft Keramische Farben, Germany) (1996), p. 11
A.R. Jennings, S.T. Iacono, J.M. Mabry, Chapter 4.9: Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
L. Jin, D.R. Tolentino, M. Melaimi, G. Bertrand, Sci. Adv., 1(5) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500304
C.E. Johnson, D.K. Hickey, D.C. Marris, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. 73, 785–789 (1986)
A.C. Jones, J. Mater. Chem., 2576 (2002)
M. Kakihana, M. Tada, M. Shiro, V. Petrykin, M. Osada, Y. Nakamura, Inorg. Chem. 40, 891–894 (2001)
K. Kamiya, M. Ohya, T. Yoko, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 83, 208–222 (1986)
B. Karkamar, D. Ganguli, Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc. 44, 10–14 (1985)
A. Karout, A.C. Pierre, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 2900–2909 (2007)
A. Karout, A.C. Pierre, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 49, 364–372 (2009a)
A. Karout, A.C. Pierre, Catal. Commun. 10(10), 349–351 (2009b)
K.D. Keefer, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 32, 15–24 (1984)
E. Kemnitz, J. Noack, Dalton Trans. 44, 19411–19431 (2015)
V.G. Kessler, Chem. Commun., 1213 (2003)
V.G. Kessler, Chapter 6-17: The Synthesis and Solution Stability of Alkoxide Precursors, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
V.G. Kessler, G.A. Seisenbaeva, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 3, 203 (2000)
V.G. Kessler, A.V. Shevelkov, L. Kloo, MoO(OiPr)4 decomposition pathways on aging. Polyhedron 17, 965 (1998a)
V.G. Kessler, A.N. Panov, N.Y. Turova, Z.A. Starikova, A.I. Yanovsky, F.M. Dolgushin, A.P. Pisarevsky, Y.T. Struchkov, Dalton Trans., 21 (1998b)
T. Kishimoto, H. Kozuka, J. Mater. Res. 18, 466–474 (2003)
L.C. Klein, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 15, 227–248 (1985)
L.C. Klein, Sol–Gel Optics: Processing and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 1994)
M. Kobayashi, H. Kato, M. Kakihana, Chapter 7.3: Water-Dispersed Silicates and Water-Soluble Phosphates, and Their Use in Sol–Gel Synthesis of Silicate- and Phosphate-Based Materials, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
S. Kohjiya, K. Ochial, S. Yamashita, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 119, 132–135 (1990)
H.C. Kolb, M.G. Finn, K.B. Sharpless, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40, 2004–2021 (2001)
S. Komarneni, R. Roy, E. Breval, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 68, C41–C42 (1985)
W.L. Konijnendijk, M. von Duuren, H. Groenendijk, Verres Refractaires 27, 11–17 (1973)
R. König, G. Scholz, N.H. Thong, E. Kemnitz, Chem. Mater. 19, 2229–2237 (2007)
H. Kozuka, T. Kishimoto, Chem. Lett. 11, 1150–1151 (2001)
J. Kramer, R.K. Prud’homme, P. Wiltzius, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 118, 294–296 (1987)
B. Lee, J. Zhang, Thin Solid Films 388, 107–113 (2001)
P.D. Lickiss, F. Rataboul, Fully Condensed Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS): From Synthesis to Application, in Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, ed. by F. H. Anthony, J. F. Mark, (Academic, Oxford, 2008), pp. 1–116
X. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 80, 564–570 (1986)
J. Livage, M. Henry, C. Sanchez, Prog. Solid State Chem. 18, 259–341 (1998)
J. Livage, M. Henry, J.P. Jolivet, C. Sanchez, Mater. Res. Soc. Bull., 18 (1990)
A.B. Lowe, Polym. Chem. 1, 17–36 (2010)
D.A. Loy, Chapter 3-18: Mesoporous Polysilsesquioxanes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
F. Mahtab, J.W.Y. Lam, Y. Yu, J.Z. Liu, W.Z. Yuan, P. Lu, B.Z. Tang, Small 7, 1448–1455 (2011)
E. Matijevic, in Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Classes, and Composites, ed. by L. L. Hench, D. R. Ulrich, (Wiley, New York, 1984), p. 334
S. Matsuda, A. Kato, Appl. Catal. 8, 149–165 (1983)
C. Mauriello-Jimenez, J. Croissant, M. Maynadier, X. Cattoën, M. Wong Chi Man, J. Vergnaud, V. Chaleix, V. Sol, M. Garcia, M. Gary-Bobo, L. Raehm, J.-O. Durand, J. Mater. Chem. B 3, 3681–3684 (2015)
K.S. Mazdiyasni, Ceram. Int. 8, 42–56 (1982)
K.S. Mazdiyasni, L.M. Brown, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 11, 539–543 (1971)
K.S. Mazdiyasni, L.M. Brown, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 55, 548–552 (1972)
K.S. Mazdiyasni, C.T. Lynch, J.S. Smith II, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48, 372–375 (1965)
K.S. Mazdiyasni, C.T. Lynch, J.S. Smith II, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 50, 532–537 (1967)
R.C. Mehotra, R. Bohra, D.P. Gaur, Metal β-Diketonates and Allied Derivatives (Academic Press, London, 1978)
M. Meldal, C.W. Tornøe, Chem. Rev. 108, 2952–3015 (2008)
P. Mezza, J. Phalippou, R. Sempere, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 243, 75–79 (1967)
M.V. Migliorini, R.K. Donato, M.A. Benvegnu, R.S. Gonçalves, H.S. Schrekker, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 48, 272–276 (2008)
H. Möckel, M. Giersig, F. Willig, J. Mater. Chem. 9, 3051–3056 (1999)
N. Moitra, J.J.E. Moreau, X. Cattoën, M. Wong Chi Man, Chem. Commun. 46, 8416–8418 (2010)
G. Monchâtre, L’Actualite Chimique, 11–21 (1984)
M. Moner-Girona, A. Roig, E. Molins, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 26, 645–649 (2003)
A. Morikawa, Y. Iyoku, M. Kakimoto, Y. Imai, J. Mater. Chem. 2, 679–690 (1992)
B. Morosin, P.S. Peercy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 40, 263–266 (1976)
A. Mosset, J. Galy, C. R. Acad. Sci. II 307, 1747 (1988)
T.H. Mourey, S.M. Miller, J.A. Wesson, T.E. Long, L.W. Kelts, Macromolecules 25, 45–52 (1992)
R.L. Mozzi, B.E. Warren, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2, 164–172 (1969)
J. Mühlebach, K. Müller, G. Schwarzenbach, Inorg. Chem. 9, 2381–2390 (1970)
S.P. Mukherjee, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 42, 477–488 (1980)
S.P. Mukherjee, J. Zarzycki, J.P. Traverse, J. Mater. Sci. 11, 341–355 (1976)
P.H. Mutin, A. Vioux, Chem. Mater. 21, 582–596 (2009)
M. Nabavi, C. Sanchez, J. Livage, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem. 28, 1173 (1991)
K. Nakanishi, H. Minakuchi, N. Soga, N. Tanaka, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 13, 163–169 (1998)
G.A. Nicolaon, S.J. Teichner, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1906–1911 (1968)
M. Niederberger, G. Garnweitner, Chem. Eur. J. 12, 7282–7302 (2006)
M. Niederberger, M.H. Bartl, G.D. Stucky, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 13642–13643 (2002)
M. Nogami, Y. Moriya, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 48, 359–366 (1982)
T. Ohya, T. Ban, Y. Ohya, Y. Takahashi, Ceram. Trans. 112, 47–52 (2001)
T. Ohya, A. Nakayama, T. Ban, Y. Ohya, Y. Takahashi, Chem. Mater. 14, 3082–3089 (2002)
T. Ohya, A. Nakayama, Y. Shibata, T. Ban, Y. Ohya, Y. Takahashi, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 26, 799–802 (2003)
K. Olsson, C. Axen, Ark. Kemi. 22, 237–244 (1964)
S. Ono, S. Hirano, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80, 2533–2540 (1997)
S. Ono, T. Takeo, S. Hirano, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 9, 1343–1350 (1996)
Y. Paoting, L. Hsiaoming, W. Yuguang, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 52, 511–522 (1982)
C.S. Parkhurst, W.F. Doyle, L.A. Silverman, S. Singh, M.P. Andersen, D. McClug, G.E. Wnek, D.R. Uhlmann, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 73, 769–773 (1986)
B.P. Partlow, B.E. Yoldas, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 46, 153–161 (1981)
A. Parvathy Rao, G.M. Pajonk, A. Venkateswara Rao, J. Mater. Sci. 40, 3481–3489 (2005)
L. Pauling, The Nature of Chemical Bonds, 3rd edn. (Cornell University Press, USA, 1960)
L. Pei, W.D. Xiang, X.L. Zhao, X.J. Liang, X.Y. Yang, H.T. Liu, Z.P. Chen, C.P. Xie, X. Ma, C.L. Zhang, L. Ma, J.L. Zhao, Mater. Res. Bull. 59, 154–161 (2014)
P.F.S. Pereira, M.G. Matos, C.M.A. Ferreira, E.H. De Faria, P.S. Calefi, L.A. Rocha, K.J. Ciuffi, E.J. Nassar, J. Lumin. 146, 394–397 (2014)
P.P. Phule, S. Raghavan, S.H. Risbud, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 70, C108–C109 (1987)
A.C. Pierre, D.R. Uhlmann, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp 32, 119–124 (1984)
A.C. Pierre, R. Begag, G. Pajonk, J. Mater. Sci. 34, 4937–4944 (1999)
N. Pinna, G. Garnweitner, M. Antonietti, M. Niederberger, Adv. Mater. 16, 2196–2200 (2004)
E.R. Pohl, F.D. Osterholtz, in Molecular Characterization of Composite Interfaces, ed. by H. Ishida, G. Kumar, (Plenum, New York, 1985), p. 157
P.N. Prasad, Quantum-Confined Materials, in Nanophotonics, ed. by P. N. Prasad, (Wiley, Hoboken, 2004), pp. 79–127
M. Prassas, J. Phalippou, L.L. Hench, J. Zarzycki, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 48, 79–95 (1982)
G. Reichenauer, J. Manara, H. Weinlaeder, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 160, 25–32 (2007)
E. Rikowski, H.C. Marsmann, Polyhedron 16, 3357–3361 (1997)
J.J. Ritter, R.S. Roth, J.E. Blendell, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69, 155–162 (1986)
F.G. Rochow, The Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (Wiley, New York, 1957)
S.A. Rodriguez, L.A. Colon, Anal. Chim. Acta 397, 207–215 (1989)
V.V. Rostovtsev, L.G. Green, V.V. Fokin, K.B. Sharpless, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 2596–2599 (2002)
R. Roy, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 52, 344–345 (1969)
S. Sakka, Gel Method for Making Glass, in Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, ed. by M. Tomazawa, R. H. Doremus, vol. 22, (Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1982), pp. 129–167
S. Sakka, Handbook of Sol–Gel Science and Technology: Processing, Characterization and Applications (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2005)
S. Sakka, K. Kamiya, Amorphous Materials Produced from Metal Alcoholates, in Process. Kinet. Prop. Electron. Mag. Ceram. Proc. US- Jpn. Semin. Basic Sci. Ceram, ed. by W. Komatsu, R. M. Fulrath, Y. Oishi, M. Koizumi, S. Somiya, (Springer, Boston, 1976), pp. 135–143
C. Sanchez, J. Mater. Chem. 15, 3557–3558 (2005)
C. Sanchez, F. Ribot, New J. Chem. 18, 1007–1047 (1994)
C. Sanchez, M. In, P. Toledano, P. Griesmar, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 271, 669–680 (1992)
A.Y. Sane, Refractory Metal Borides, Carbides and Nitrides, and Composites Containing Them, European Patent 0115745—Eltech Systems Corporation, 15.08 (1984)
R. Schmid, A. Mosset, J. Galy, Dalton Trans., 1999 (1991)
H. Schmidt, A. Kaiser, Glastech. Ber. 54, 338–342 (1981)
H. Schmidt, H. Scholze, A. Kaiser, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 48, 65–77 (1982)
U. Schubert, E. Arpac, W. Glaubitt, A. Helmerich, C. Chau, Chem. Mater. 3, 291–295 (1992)
D.W. Scott, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 356–358 (1946)
K. Shea, D.A. Loy, O. Webster, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 6700–6710 (1992)
S. Shenoi-Perdoor, A. Noureddine, F. Dubois, M. Wong Chi Man, X. Cattoën, Chapter 2-5: Click Functionalization of Sol–Gel Materials, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
K. Shimizu, H. Imai, H. Hirashima, K. Tsukuma, Thin Solid Films 351, 220–224 (1999)
G.D. Smith, C.N. Gaughlan, J.A. Campbell, Inorg. Chem. 11, 2989 (1972)
V.E. Shklover, Y.T. Struchkov, N.N. Makarova, A.A. Zhdanov, Cryst. Struct. Commun. 9, 1–5 (1980)
D. Skoda, A. Styskalik, Z. Moravec, P. Bezdicka, C.E. Barnes, J. Pinkas, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 74, 810–822 (2015a)
D. Skoda, A. Styskalik, Z. Moravec, P. Bezdicka, J. Pinkas, J. Mater. Sci. 50, 3371–3382 (2015b)
J.S. Smith II, R.T. Dolloff, K.S. Mazdiyasni, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 53, 91–95 (1970)
D.A. Soleimani, M.H. Abbasi, J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 199, 10–26 (2008)
G.D. Soraru, N. Dallabona, C. Gervais, F. Babonneau, Chem. Mater. 1, 910–919 (1999)
G. Speranza, L. Minati, A. Chiasera, M.G. Ferrari, C. Righini, G. Ischia, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 4445–4450 (2009)
N. Steunou, F. Ribot, K. Boubekeur, J. Maquet, C. Sanchez, New J. Chem. 23, 1079–1086 (1999)
C. Stocker, A. Baiker, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 223, 165–178 (1998)
W.H. Stockmayer, J. Chem. Phys. 11(11), 45–55 (1943)
A. Styskalik, D. Skoda, J. Pinkas, S. Mathur, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 63, 463–472 (2012)
D.J. Suh, T.J. Park, J.H. Sonn, J.C. Lim, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 18, 1473–1475 (1999)
R. Sui, A.S. Rizkalla, P.A. Charpentier, Langmuir 22, 4390–4396 (2006)
G.S. Sur, J.E. Mark, Eur. Polym. J. 21, 1051–1052 (1985)
K.S. Suslick, J.P. Price, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29, 295–326 (1999)
Y. Suzuki, M. Kakihana, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 117, 330–334 (2009)
C.G. Swain, M. Esteve, R.H. Jones, J. Chem. Soc. 11, 965 (1949)
N. Takahashi, Y. Suzuki, M. Kakihana, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 117, 313–331 (2009)
I.M. Thomas, Porous Beads Doped with Small Quantities of Other Oxides, U.S. Patent 3,709,833 (09 Jan 1973)
T.M. Tillotson, L.W. Hrubesh, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 145, 44–50 (1992)
N. Tohge, G.S. Moore, J.D. Mackenzie, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 63, 95–103 (1984)
C.W. Tornøe, C. Christensen, M. Meldal, J. Org. Chem. 67, 3057–3064 (2002)
N.Y. Turova, E.P. Turevskaya, V.G. Kessler, M.I. Yanovskaya, The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides (Kluwer, Boston, 2002)
A. Tuteja, W. Choi, M. Ma, J.M. Mabry, S.A. Mazzella, G.C. Rutledge, et al., Science 318, 1618–1622 (2007)
M. Unno, S.B. Alias, H. Saito, H. Matsumoto, Organometallics 15, 2413–2414 (1996)
M. Unno, A. Suto, H. Matsumoto, Pentacyclic Laddersiloxane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 1574–1575 (2002)
M. Unno, Y. Imai, H. Matsumoto, Silicon Chem. 2, 175–178 (2003)
M. Unno, A. Suto, T. Matsumoto, Russ. Chem. Rev. 82, 289 (2013)
M. Veith, Dalton Trans., 2405 (2002)
D.L. Venezky, Inorganic Polymer, in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, ed. by J. Wiley, vol. 7, (Interscience, New York, 1967), pp. 664–691
A. Venkateswara Rao, D. Haranath, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 30, 267–273 (1999)
A. Venkastewara Rao, S.D. Bhagat, H. Hirashima, G.M. Pajonk, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 300, 279–285 (2006)
M.A. Vicarini, G.A. Nicolaon, S. Teichner, Bull. Soc. Chem. Fr. 2, 1651–1664 (1970)
A.C. Vieira Coelho, G.A. Rocha, P. Souza Santos, H. Souza Santos, P.K. Kiyohara, Rev. Mater. 13, 329–341 (2008)
A. Vioux, Chem. Mater. 9, 2292–2299 (1997)
A. Vioux, P.H. Mutin, Chapter 4.4: Nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel Technology, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
D.R. Vollet, L.M. Nunes, D.A. Donatti, R.A. Ibanez, H. Maceti, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 1467–1474 (2008)
K. Wada, S. Sakugawa, M. Inoue, Chem. Commun. 48, 7991–7993 (2012)
P.B. Wagh, R. Begag, G.M. Pajonk, A. Venkateswara Rao, D. Haranath, Mater. Chem. Phys. 57, 214–218 (1999)
E. Wiberg, W. Simmler, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 282, 330–344 (1955)
G.L. Wilkes, B. Orler, H.H. Huang, Polym. Prep. 26(26), 300–301 (1985)
R.R. Wills, R.A. Markle, S.P. Mukherjee, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 62, 904–911 (1983)
T. Woignier, J. Phalippou, J. Zarzycki, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 63, 117–130 (1984)
M. Wong Chi Man, X. Cattoën, N. Moitra, K. Bürglová, J. Hodačová Précurseurs Organo-Silanes Polysilylés Fonctionnalisables. French Patent FR 2992963, WO 2014006222 (2014a)
M. Wong Chi Man, X. Cattoën, K. Bürglová, J. Hodačová, Composés Organosilanes Polysi-lylés. French Patet FR 2992964, WO 2014006221 (2014b)
B.T. Worrell, J.A. Malik, V.V. Fokin, Science 340(6131), 457–460 (2013)
S. Wuttke, A. Vimont, J.C. Lavalley, M. Daturi, E. Kemnitz, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 5113–5120 (2010)
W. Xiang, J. Jiasong Zhong, Chapter 1.17: Borosilicates Obtained by Sol–Gel Method, in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, ed. by L. Klein, M. Aparicio, A. Jitianu, (Springer, New York, 2016)
W.D. Xiang, H.J. Zhao, J.S. Zhong, X.Y. Yang, Y.Q. Guo, H.Y. Luo, X.J. Liang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95, 1588–1594 (2012)
W.D. Xiang, H.H. Gao, L. Ma, X. Ma, Y.Y. Huang, L. Pei, X.J. Liang, ACS Appl. Mater. Int. 7, 10162–10168 (2015)
R. Yanagisawa, V. Petrykin, M. Kakihana, J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall. 57, 701–705 (2010)
M. Yamane, T. Kojima, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 44, 181–190 (1981)
M. Yamane, S. Inoue, K. Nakazawa, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 48, 153–159 (1982)
G. Yi, M. Sayer, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 6, 75–82 (1996)
B.E. Yoldas, J. Mater. Sci. 10, 1856–1860 (1975)
B.E. Yoldas, J. Mater. Sci. 12, 1203–1208 (1977)
B.E. Yoldas, J. Mater. Sci. 14, 1843–1849 (1979)
B.E. Yoldas, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 51, 105–121 (1982)
B.E. Yoldas, J. Mater. Sci. 21, 1080–1086 (1986)
K. Yoshizawa, H. Kato, M. Kakihana, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 17272–17277 (2010)
J. Zarzycki, Heterog. Chem. Rev. 1, 243–253 (1994)
J. Zarzycki, M. Prassas, J. Phalippou, J. Mater. Sci. 17, 3371–3379 (1982)
B.J.J. Zelinski, D.R. Uhlmann, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 45, 1069–1090 (1984)
H.X. Zhang, X.D. He, Y. Li, C.Q. Hong, J. Aero Mater. 26, 337–338 (2006)
L. Zhang, G. Garnweitner, I. Djerdj, M. Antonietti, M. Niederberger, Chem. Asian J. 3, 746–752 (2008)
Z. Zhao, D. Chen, X. Jiao, J. Phys. Chem. C Il 1, 18738–18743 (2007)
B. Zhou, J. Shen, W. Yuehua, G. Wu, X. Ni, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 27, 1291–1294 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pierre, A.C. (2020). The Sol-Gel Chemistry of Oxides from Alkoxides. In: Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38144-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38144-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38143-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38144-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)