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Abstract

Recent developments have shed light on the scope of security exceptions and to some extent shifted the focus of academic debate from their alleged self-judging nature to the choice between different standards of review. At the same time, a new generation of treaties is introducing clauses which could be genuinely self-judging. No case involving such clauses has yet been adjudicated.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf. Sect. 2.3.2.

  2. 2.

    Cf. Sect. 2.2 et seq.

  3. 3.

    Alford (2011), 758.

  4. 4.

    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Art. XXI(b) (emphasis added).

  5. 5.

    On this backlash cf. Herdegen (2019), 11 et seq; Niblett (2016), 17 et seq.

References

  • Alford R (2011) The self-judging WTO exception. Utah Law Rev 3:697–759

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  • Herdegen M (2019) Der Kampf um die Weltordnung. Eine strategische Betrachtung. CH Beck, München

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  • Niblett R (2016) Liberalism in retreat: the demise of a dream. Foreign Aff 96:17–24

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Mantilla Blanco, S., Pehl, A. (2020). Conclusion. In: National Security Exceptions in International Trade and Investment Agreements. SpringerBriefs in Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38125-7_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38125-7_5

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38124-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38125-7

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