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Electricity Markets pp 37–60Cite as

Integrated Gas and Power Networks

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Abstract

This chapter proposes the integrated planning for the expansion and operation of the power system and the gas grid. In order to optimize energy usage and increase the efficiency, the simultaneous planning of the gas and electricity networks has been widely investigated. To this end, the use of devices and equipment connecting electricity and gas infrastructures such as Energy Hub and PtG have been considered, which have made the connection of these two infrastructures at different energy levels. The strong interdependence of these two infrastructures has encouraged researchers to consider security and economic issues simultaneously for these two infrastructures and to study them as an integrated system. There are various ways to plan expansion and operation that are discussed in detail in this chapter.

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Abbreviations

h :

Index for energy hubs

l :

Index for transmission line

η :

Index of natural gas supply contract

GU:

Set of gas-fired generating units

\( \overline{F_k} \) :

Maximum capacity of transmission line k

Z ki :

Gas compressibility factor at compressor inlet

α k, β k, γ k :

Gas consumption coefficients of compressor k

\( {R}_k^{\mathrm{max}} \) :

Compression ratio of compressor k

\( {\pi}_i^{\mathrm{max}},{\pi}_i^{\mathrm{min}} \) :

Max and min pressure at node i

\( \mathrm{W}{\mathrm{S}}_i^{\mathrm{max}},\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{S}}_i^{\mathrm{min}} \) :

Max and min amount of gas supply at node i

A :

Pipe-nodal incidence matrix

NC:

Number of candidate compressors and existing compressors

NCG:

Number of coal-fired generators

NWS:

Number of gas suppliers

NWL:

Number of gas loads

WLi :

Natural gas load at node i

CarbonCost:

Carbon emission price

PlineCosti :

Investment cost of installing pipeline i

ClineCosti :

Investment cost of installing compressor i

ElineCosti :

Investment cost of installing electricity line

ξ 1, ξ 2 :

Carbon emission coefficient of coal-fired generator and gas-fired generator, respectively

M k :

Large enough input value

\( {P}_{gk}^{\mathrm{max}},{P}_{gk}^{\mathrm{min}} \) :

Max and min capacity of generator k

Costgasi :

Gas purchase cost of supplier i

a i, b i, c i :

Coefficients of the operation cost of generator i

PLi :

Real power load at node k

μ 1, μ 2, μ 3 :

Gas fuel rate coefficients of generator i

GHV:

Gas gross heating value

M ij :

Gas pipeline constant depending on diameter, length, temperature, friction, and gas composition

ς :

Coefficient of converting net present value to annualized investment cost

\( \mathrm{p}{\mathrm{f}}_g^{\mathrm{Gas}} \) :

Participation factor of gas supply facilities g [p.u]

CFi, t :

Capacity factor of electricity unit i during time period t [p.u]

∅:

Energy conversion factor

HHV:

High heating value

\( {e}_a^{\mathrm{ptg}} \) :

Efficiency of PtG facility a

σ :

Discretized storage and inflow/outflow rate used to linearize the properties of the NG storage

ρ in, ρ out :

Inflow and outflow rate of storage

NT:

Number of periods in the duration time

\( {L}_t^{\mathrm{E}} \) :

Electricity power output within energy hub

W o :

Cost of firm natural gas contract

SU, SD:

Startup and shutdown cost of a unit

ρ LS :

Penalty price of electricity load shedding

P LS :

Electricity load shedding

VOLL:

Penalty price of shed load

ρ gas, gss :

Price of natural gas and operation cost of gas storage s

z i :

Binary decision variable, 1 if electricity line i is installed, and 0 otherwise

fPk :

Natural gas flow of pipeline

H k :

Power for compressor k

σ :

Specific heat ratio

fck :

Gas flow rate at compressor k

π i, π j :

Pressures at node I and j, respectively

τ k :

Amount of gas tapped by compressor k

x i :

Binary decision variable, 1 if pipeline i is installed, and 0 otherwise

y i :

Binary decision variable, 1 if compressor i is installed, and 0 otherwise

z i :

Binary decision variable, 1 if electricity line i is installed, and 0 otherwise

WSi :

Natural gas injection of gas supplier i

fpi :

Natural gas flow of pipeline

fck :

Gas flow rate at compressor k

flk :

Power flow on transmission line k

B k :

Electrical susceptance of transmission line k

θ fr(k), θ to(k) :

Voltage angle at “from” and “to” buses of transmission line k

P gk :

Real power supply from generator k

\( {p}_{g,t}^{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{N}} \) :

Gas production of new gas supply projects g in time period t [TJ/h]

\( {p}_g^{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{N}} \) :

Gas supply capacity of new gas projects [TJ/year]

\( {p}_{g,t}^{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{Ex}} \) :

Gas production of existing gas supply projects g in time period t [TJ/h]

\( {p}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{N}} \) :

Electricity production of new unit i during time period t [MW]

\( {p}_i^{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{N}} \) :

Power capacity to be built for new unit i [MW]

\( {p}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{Ex}} \) :

Electricity production of existing unit i during time period t [MW]

\( {p}_i^{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{Ex}} \) :

Power capacity of existing unit i [MW]

G aht :

Gas production of PtG facility a at load block h of year t

\( {P}_{aht}^{\mathrm{bc}} \) :

Base-case power consumption of PtG a at load block h of year t

ψ :

NG flow rate between NG node s i, j in time t

AC:

Total available capacity

AUint, ALlnt :

Binary variable which is equal to 1 if unit i/line l is available, being 0 otherwise

RM:

Grid resilience metric

f i():

Electric load loss cost function

pdi, b, t :

Load curtailment

W :

Cost of natural gas contract

\( {P}_{i,t}^0 \) :

Generation of unit I at hour t

\( \mathrm{L}{\mathrm{D}}_{j,t}^0 \) :

Preventive load shedding at bus at hour t

v sp, t :

Production of natural gas in well sp at hour t

GCs, t, GDs, t :

Storing/releasing rate of storage s at hour

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence for Power Systems Automation and Operation, School of Electrical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza SoltaniNejad, Ramin Bahmani & Heidarali Shayanfar

Authors
  1. Alireza SoltaniNejad
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  2. Ramin Bahmani
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  3. Heidarali Shayanfar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heidarali Shayanfar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran

    Sayyad Nojavan

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Kazem Zare

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SoltaniNejad, A., Bahmani, R., Shayanfar, H. (2020). Integrated Gas and Power Networks. In: Nojavan, S., Zare, K. (eds) Electricity Markets. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36979-8_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36979-8_3

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