Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Current Trends and Concerns in Infectious Diseases pp 81–102Cite as

Helicobacter pylori Infection: When Should It Be Treated?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century ((EIDC))

Abstract

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori [formerly Campylobacter pylori] in 1982 had revolutionized the treatment and concept of the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Phylogeographic and genetic studies have indicated that the bacteria have been present in humans for >50,000 years and the distribution reflect ancient migration patterns. H. pylori strains are distributed globally and the prevalence and incidence are greater in developing countries and lower socioeconomic strata of society. Humans are the main reservoir and transmission is by the fecal–oral route. The prevalence of H. pylori colonization in the global population has been estimated to be in 4.4 billion people or greater than half of the world’s population. The bacteria is considered the cause [or strongly associated] with duodenal ulcer [90%], gastric ulcer [50–80%], gastric cancer [60–90%], and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [MALT] lymphoma in most cases. However, most people with H. pylori colonization are asymptomatic and are colonized for many decades or indefinitely. The treatment of H. pylori infection has only been well established for peptic ulcer disease and early MALT, but many general practitioners and some gastroenterologists are treating patients with dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, and asymptomatic infections with the same regimens designed for peptic ulcer disease. Widespread use of these antibiotic regimens maybe fueling increased antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori and enteric bacteria. This chapter reviews and discusses current concepts of H. pylori-associated diseases including pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, indications for treatment, therapeutic regimens, prevention of gastric cancer, and vaccine development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Moodley Y, Ling B, Bond RP et al (2012) Age of the association between Helicobacter pylori and man. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Falush D, Wirth T, Linz B et al (2005) Traces of human migration in Helicobacter pylori population. Science 299:1582–1585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Montano V, Didelot X, Foll M et al (2015) Worldwide population structure, long-term demography, and local adaptation of Helicobacter pylori. Genetics 200:9447–9463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cover TL, Blaser MJ (2015) Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter species. In: Bennett JE, Dolan R, Blaser MJ (eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 8th edn. Elsevier/Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2494–2502

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hooi JK, Lai WY, Ng WK et al (2017) Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 153:420–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Leja M, Axon A, Brenner H (2016) Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 21(Suppl.1):3–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Schwarz S, Morelli G, Kusecek B et al (2008) Horizontal versus familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000180

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bui D, Brown HE, Harris RB, Oren E (2016) Serologic evidence for fecal-oral transmission of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94:82–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Krueger WS, Hilborn ED, Converse RR, Wade TJ (2015) Environmental risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data. Epidemiol Infect 143:2520–2531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aziz RK, Khalifa MM, Sharaf RR (2015) Contaminated water as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection: a review. J Adv Res 6:539–547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Weeks DL, Eskandari S, Scott DR, Sachs G (2000) A H+-gated urea channel: the link between Helicobacter pylori urease and gastric colonization. Science 287:482–485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schwartz JT, Allen LA (2006) Role of urease in megasome formation and Helicobacter pylori survival in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 79:1214–1225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Eaton KA, Suerbaum S, Joesnhans C, Krakowka S (1996) Colonization of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori deficient in two flagellin genes. Infect Immun 64:2445–2448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Clyne M, Ocroinin T, Suerbaum S, Josenhans C, Drumm B (2000) Adherence of isogenic flagellum-negative mutants of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae to human and ferret gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 68:4335–4339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Kao CY, Sheu BS, Wu JJ (2014) CsrA regulates Helicobacter pylori J99 motility and adhesion by controlling flagella formation. Helicobacter 190:443–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ilver D, Arnqvist A, Ogren J et al (1998) Helicobacter pylori adhesion fucosylated histo-blood group antigen revealed by retagging. Science 279:373–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mahdavi J, Sonden B, Hurtig M et al (2002) Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesion in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science 97:573–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kao C-Y, Sheu B-S, Wu J-J (2016) Helicobacter pylori infection: an overview of bacterial virulence factors and pathogenesis. Biomed J 39:14–23

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Rezaeifar A, Eskandari-Nasab E, Moghadampour M et al (2013) The association of interleukin-18 promotor polymorphisms and serum levels with duodenal ulcer, and correlations with bacterial CagA and VacA virulence factors. Scand J Infect Dis 45:584–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yamaoka Y, Kodama T, Guiterrez O, Kim JG, Kashima K, Graham DY (1999) Relationship between Helicobacter pylori iceA, CagA, and VacA status and clinical outcome studies in four different countries. J Clin Microbiol 37:2274–2279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Argent RH, Kidd M, Owen RJ, Thomas RJ, Limb MC, Atherton JC (2004) Determinants and consequences of different levels of CagA is determined by variation in the tyrosine phosphorylation for clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 127:514–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Odenreit S, Puls J, Sedlmaier B et al (2000) Translocation of Helicobacter pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion. Science 287:1499–1500

    Google Scholar 

  23. Akazawa Y, Isomoto H, Matsushima K et al (2013) Endoplasmic reticulum stress contribute to Helicobacter pylori VacA induced apoptosis. PLoS One 8:e82322

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hisatsune J, Nakayama M, Isomoto H et al (2008) Molecular characterization of Helicobacter pylori VacA induction of IL-8 in U937 cells reveals a prominent role for p38MAPK in activating transcription factor-2, cAMP response element binding protein, and NF-kappaB activation. J Immunol 180:5017–5027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gonzalez CA, Figueiredo C, Lic CB et al (2011) Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genotypes as predictors of progression of gastric preneoplastic lesions: a long-term follow-up in a high-risk area of Spain. Am J Gastroenterol 106:867–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGeehie DB, Glancy RJ (1985) Attempt to fulfill Koch’s postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust 142:436–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sobala GM, Crabtree JE, Dixon MF, Schorah CJ, Taylor JD, Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, Axon AT (1991) Acute Helicobacter pylori infection: clinical features, local and systemic immune response, gastric mucosal histology, and gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut 32:1415–1418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Williams JM, Pritchard DM (2017) Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models. Dis Model Mech 10:89–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Li Z, Ma X, Chen J et al (2010) Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease: endoscopic results of the systematic investigation of gastrointestinal disease in China. Am J Gastroenterol 105:2570–2577

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Groenen MJ, Kuipers EJ, Hansen BE, Ouwendijk RJ (2009) Incidence of duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers in a Western population: back to where it started. Clin J Gastroenterol 23:604–608

    Google Scholar 

  31. McColl K, El-Omar EM, Gillen D (1997) Alterations in gastric physiology in Helicobacter pylori infection: causes of different disease or all epiphenomena? Ital J Gastroenerol 29:459–464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. D’Elios MM, Manghetti M, Almerigogna F et al (1997) Different cytokine profile and antigen-specificity repertoire in Helicobacter pylori-specific T cell clones from the antrum of chronic gastritis patients with or without peptic ulcer. Eur J Immunol 27:1751–1755

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Van der Hulst RWM, Tytgat GNJ (1996) Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 31(220(Suppl)):10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Tsai HF, Hsu PN (2017) Modulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori in immune pathogenesis of gastric mucosal damage. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 50:4–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Weel JF, van der Hulst RW, Gerritis Y et al (1996) The interrelationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuoltating cytotoxin, and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. J Infect Dis 173:1171–1175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ogura BK, Maeda S, Nakao M et al (2000) Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori responsible for gastric diseases in Mongolian gerbil. J Exp Med 192:1601–1609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Kaur B, Garg N, Sachdev A, Kumar B (2014) Effect of the oral intake of probiotic Pediococcus acidilacti BA28 on Helicobacter pylori causing peptic ulcer in C57BL/6 mice models. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:973–983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sheh A, Fox JG (2013) The role of the gastrointestinal microbiome in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. Gut Microbes 4:505–531

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C et al (1975) A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet 2:58–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Forman D, Webb P, Parsonnet J (1994) H. pylori and gastric cancer. Lancet 343:243–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Moss SF (2017) The clinical evidence linking Helicobacter pylori to gastric cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:183–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Koeppel M, Garcia-Alcalde F, Glowinski F, Schlaermann P, Meyer TF (2015) Helicobacter pylori infection causes characteristic DNA damage pattern in human cells. Cell Rep 11:1703–1713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wang K, Yuen ST, Xu J et al (2014) Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive molecular profiling identify new driver mutation in gastric cancer. Nat Genet 46:573–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. De Falco M, Lucariello A, Iaquinto S, Esposito V, Guerra G, De Luca A (2015) Molecular mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. J Cell Physiol 230:1702–1707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Backert S, Neddermann M, Maubach G, Naumann M (2016) Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 21(Suppl. 1):19–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mocellin S, Verdi D, Pooley KA, Niotti D (2015) Genetic variation and gastric cancer risks: a field synopsis and meta-analysis. Gut 64:1209–1219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ying HY, Yu BW, Yang Z et al (2016) Interleukin-1B 31 C>T polymorphisms combined with Helicobacter pylori-modified gastric cancer susceptibility: evidence from 37 studies. J Cell Mol Med 20:526–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhuang W, Wu XT, Zhopu Y et al (2010) Interluekin 10-592 promoter polymorphisms associated with gastric cancer among Asians: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Dig Dis Sci 55:1525–1532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Person C, Canedo P, Machado JC, El-Omar EM, Forman D (2011) Polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes and their association with gastric cancer: a HuGE systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Epidemiol 173:259–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Poh AR, O’Donoghue RJJ, Ernst M, Putocztki TL (2016) Mouse models for gastric cancer: matching models to biological questions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 31:1257–1272

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Asenjo L, Gisbert JP (2007) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric MALT lymphoma: a systematic review. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 99:398–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Khalil MO, Morton LM, Devasa SS, Check DP, Curtis RE, Weisenburger DD, Dores GM (2014) Incidence of marginal zone lymphoma in the United States, 2001–2009 with a focus on primary anatomic site. Br J Haematol 165:67–77

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Zucca E, Bertoni F, Roggero E et al (1998) Molecular analysis of the progression from Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis to mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma of the stomach. N Engl J Med 338:804–810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Roeberck S, Madden L, Jin X et al (2011) Cleavage of NIK by the AP12-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein leads to noncanonical KF-kappa B activation. Science 331:468–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Diaconu S, Predescu A, Moldoveanu A, Pop CS, Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C (2017) Helicobacter pylori infection: old and new. J Med Life 10:112–117

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Hentschel E, Brandstatter G, Dragoisics B et al (1993) Effect of ranitidine and amoxil-plus metronidazole on eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer. N Engl J Med 328:308–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ford AC, Gurusamy KS, Delaney B, Forman D, Moayyedi P (2016) Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori-positive people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD003840

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Leung KE, Chan FK (2012) Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: eradication, acid-reducing therapy, or both? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:831–836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Thung I, Vavinskaya V, Gupta S, Park JY, Crowe SE, Valasek MA (2016) Review article: the global emergence of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 43:514–533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mitui M, Patel A, Leos NK, Doren CD, Park JY (2014) Novel Helicobacter pylori sequencing test identifies high rate of clarithromycin resistance. Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 59:6–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Shiota S, Reddy R, Alsarraj A, El-Serag HB, Graham DY (2015) Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori among male United States veterans. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:1616–1624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kim N, Kim JM, Kim CH et al (2006) Institutional difference of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains in South Korea. J Clin Gastroenterol 40:683–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ford AC, Marwaha A, Sood R et al (2015) Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, uninvestigated dyspepsia: a meta-analysis. Gut 64:1049–1057

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, Enns RA, Howden CW, Vakil N (2017) ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 112:988–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Du LJ, Chen B-R, Kim S, Shen JH, Dai N (2016) Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for functional dyspepsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 22:3486–3495

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zucca E, Bertoni F (2016) The spectrum of MALT lymphoma at different sites: biological and therapeutic relevance. Blood 127:2082–2092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Leontiadis GI, Ford AC, Moayyedi P (2009) Helicobacter pylori infections. BMJ Clin Evid 10:0406

    Google Scholar 

  68. Nakamura S, Sugiyama T, Matsumoto T et al (2012) Long-term clinical outcome of gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a multicenter cohort follow-up study of 420 patients in Japan. Gut 61:507–513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wundisch T, Dieckhoff P, Greene B et al (2012) Second cancers and residual disease in patients treated for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma by Helicobacter pylori eradication and followed for 10 years. Gastroenterology 143:936–942

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ferreri AJM, Govi S, Ponzoni M (2013) The role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell and marginal zone lymphomas of the stomach. Curr Opin Oncol 25:470–479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Raderer M et al (2012) Helicobacter pylori eradication as exclusive treatment for limited-stage gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results of a multicenter phase 2 trial. Blood 120:3858–3860

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jung DH, Kim J-H, Chung HS, Park JC, Shin SK, Lee SK, Lee YC (2015) Helicobacter pylori eradication on the prevention of metrachronous lesions after endoscopic resection of gastric neoplasm: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 10:e0124725

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lee YC, Chiang T-H, Chou C-K, Tu Y-K, Liao W-C, Wu M-S, Graham DY (2016) Association between Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 150:1113–1124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Choi IIJ, Kook M-C, Kim Y-II et al (2018) Helicobacter pylori therapy for the prevention of metachronous gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 378:1085–1095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bornschein J, Selgrad M, Warnecke M et al (2010) H. pylori infection is a key risk factor for proximal gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 55:3124–3131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Abrams JA, Gonsalves L, Neugut AI (2013) Diverging trends in the incidence of reflux-related and Helicobacter pylori-related gastric cardia cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 47:322–327

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Wong BC-Y, Lam SK, Wong WM et al (2004) Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:187–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ma J-L, Zhang L, Brown LM et al (2012) Fifteen-year effects of Helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 104:488–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Lee YC, Chen TH, Chiu HM et al (2013) The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a cohort study of gastric cancer prevention. Gut 62:676–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Leung WK, Wong IOL, Cheung KS et al (2018) Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment on incidence of gastric cancer in older individuals. Gastroenterology 155:67–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ford AC, Forman D, Moayyedi P (2014) Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 348:g3174

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Queiroz DMM, Hrris PR, Sanderson IR et al (2013) Iron status and Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: an international multi-centered study. PLoS One 8:e68833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Yuan W, Li Y, Yang K et al (2010) Iron deficiency anemia in Helicobacter pylori infection: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scand J Gastroenterol 45:665–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Qu X-H, Huang X-L, Xiong P et al (2010) Does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role in iron deficiency anemia? A met-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 16:886–896

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS et al (2011) Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anemia. Gut 60:1309–1316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Stabler SP (2013) Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med 368:2041–2042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sato R, Murakami K, Okimoto T et al (2011) Development of corpus atrophic gastritis may be associated with Helicobacter pylori-related idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Gastroenterol 46:991–997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M et al (2011) The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 117:4190–4207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC et al (2010) International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 115:168–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Stasi R, Sarpatwari A, Segal JB et al (2009) Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review. Blood 113:1231–1240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Russo G, Miraglia V, Branciforte F et al (2011) Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56:273–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Li BZ, Threapleton DE, Wang JY et al (2015) Comparative effectiveness and tolerance of treatments for Helicobacter pylori: systematic review network meta-analysis. BMJ 351:h4052

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF (2017) ACG clinical guideline: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 112:212–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yuan Y, Ford AC, Khan KJ et al (2013) Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD008337

    Google Scholar 

  95. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA et al (2017) Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 66:6–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Luther J, Higgins PD, Schoenfeld PS et al (2010) Empiric quadruple vs. triple therapy for primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Am J Gastroenterol 105:65–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Fischbach L, Evans EL (2007) Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26:343–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Dore MP, Farina V, Cuccu M et al (2011) Twice a day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized trial of 10 and 14 days. Helicobacter 16:296–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Graham DY, Shiotani A (2012) Which therapy for helicobacter pylori infection? Gastroenterology 143:10–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Lee BH, Kim N, Hwang TJ et al (2010) Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy as second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection: effect of treatment duration and antibiotic resistance on eradication rate in Korea. Helicobacter 15:38–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Laine L, Hunt R, El-Zimaity H et al (2003) Bismuth-based quadruple therapy using a single capsule of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter, North American trial. Am J Gastroenterol 98:562–567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Delchier JC, Malfertheiner P, Theroff-Ekerdt R (2014) Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 40:171–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Gisbert JP, Calvert X (2012) Update on non-bismuth quadruple [concomitant] therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 5:23–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Toros AB, Ince AT, Kesici B et al (2011) A new modified concomitant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Turkey. Helicobacter 16:225–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Lim JH, Lee DH, Choi C et al (2013) Clinical outcomes of two-week sequential and concomitant therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized pilot study. Helicobacter 18:180–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. McNicholl A, Molina-Infante J, Bermejo F et al (2014) Non-bismuth quadruple concomitant therapies in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: standard vs. optimized [14 days, high dose PPI] regimens in clinical practice. Helicobacter 19:11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Gatta L, Vakkil N, Vaira D et al (2013) Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy. BMJ 347:f4587

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Wang B, Wang YH, Lv ZF et al (2015) Review: Efficacy and safety of hybrid therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 20:79–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Emera MH, Elhawari SA, Yopusef S, Radwan MI, Abdel-Aziz HR (2015) Emerging role of probiotics in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: histopathologic perspectives. Helicobacter 21:3–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wang ZH, Gao QY, Fang JY (2013) Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus-containing and Bifidobacterium-containing probiotic compound preparation in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 47:25–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Zhang MM, Qian W, Qin YYU, He J, Zhou YH (2015) Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 21:4345–4357

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Pan KF, Zhang L, Gerhard M et al (2016) A large randomized controlled intervention trial to prevent gastric cancer by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Linqu County, China: baseline results and factors affecting the eradication. Gut 65:9–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Zeng M, Mao XH, Li JX et al (2015) The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine in children in China: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 386:1457–1464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Sutton P (2015) At last, vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 386:1424–1425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Savoldi A, Carrara E, Graham DY, Conti M, Tacconelli E (2018) Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: a systematic review and meta-analysis in World Health Organization regions. Gastroenterology 155:1372–1382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Chen Y, Blaser MJ (2008) Helicobacter pylori colonization is inversely associated with childhood Asthma. J Infect Dis 198:553–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    I. W. Fong

Authors
  1. I. W. Fong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fong, I.W. (2020). Helicobacter pylori Infection: When Should It Be Treated?. In: Current Trends and Concerns in Infectious Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36966-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36966-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36965-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36966-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation