Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Economic Metals Rescue from Spent Zinc–Carbon Batteries for Industrial Value Additions

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Energy Technology 2020: Recycling, Carbon Dioxide Management, and Other Technologies

Part of the book series: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series ((MMMS))

Abstract

The increasing demands for metals with gradual depletion of un-renewable resources warrant the need for industrial metals recovery from secondary sources including zinc–carbon batteries . The recycling from wastes is important as cost of safe disposal of its hazardous components is quite high compared to the amount of waste produced-cum-limited storage capacity. For instance, sub-Sahara African countries’ including Nigeria has been found to have dominance of non-rechargeable spent batteries containing precious metals content. These metals which may be toxic are valuable industrial elements if re-processed. In this work, combinations of acid leaching , solvent extraction and precipitation techniques were utilized in processing spent Tiger Head Zinc–carbon batteries assaying majorly 41.30 wt% ZnO, 4.30 wt% Fe2O3 and 2.69 wt% MnO2. At optimal conditions, the leach liquor was selectively treated to achieve 96.7% zinc recovery efficiency by Cyanex®272 extractant prior to its beneficiation as zinc oxide suitable as coating and industrial raw materials for some defined industries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Belardi G, Lavecchia R, Medici F, Piga L (2012) Thermal treatment for recovery of manganese and zinc from zinc-carbon and alkaline spent batteries. Waste Manag 32:1945–1951

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nougueira CA, Margarido F TMS (2012) Battery recycling by hydrometallurgy: evaluation of simultaneous treatment of several cell systems. Energy Technol 227–234

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bernardes AM, Espinosa DCR, Tenorio JAS (2003) Collection and recycling of portable batteries: a worldwide overview compared to the Brazilian situation. J Powder Sources 124(2):586–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Buzatu T, Popescu G, Birloaga I, Saceanu S (2013) Study concerning the recovery of zinc and manganese from spent batteries by hydrometallurgical processes. Waste Manag 33:699–705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Biswas RK, Karmakar AK, Kumar SL, Hossain MN (2015) Recovery of manganese and zinc from waste Zn-C cell powder: characterization and leaching. Waste Manag (In Press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Shin SM, Senanayake G, Sohn J, Kang J, Yang D, Kim T (2009) Separation of zinc from spent zinc-carbon batteries by selective leaching with sodium hydroxide. Hydrometallurgy 96:349–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baba AA, Adekola FA, Bale RB (2009) Development of a combined pyro- and hydro-metallurgical route to treat spent zinc-carbon batteries. J Hazard Mater 171:838–844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Belardi G, Ballirano P, Ferrini M, Lavecchia R, Medici F, Piga L, Scoppettuolo A (2011) Characterization of spent zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries by SEM-EDS, TGA/DTA and XRPD analysis. Thermochim Acta 526:169–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Espinosa DCR, Bernardes AM, Tenorio JAS (2004) An overview on the current processes for the recycling of batteries. J Powder Sources 311–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jha MK, Kumar V, Singh RJ (2001) Review of hydrometallurgical; recovery of zinc from industrial wastes. Conserve Recycl 33:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Salgado AL, Veloso AMO, Pereira DD, Gontijo GS, Salum A, Mansur MB (2003) Recovery of zinc and manganese from spent alkaline batteries by liquid-liquid extraction with cyanex 272. J Powder Sources 115:367–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Frohlic S, Sewing D (1995) The batenus process for recycling mixed battery waste. J Power Sources 57:27–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rabah MA, Barrakat MA, Mahrous YS (1999) Recycling metals values hydrometallurgically from spent dry battery cells. J Metals 41–43

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nogueira CA, Margarido F (2015) Selective process of zinc extraction from spent Zn-MnO2 batteries by ammonium chloride leaching. Hydrometallurgy 157:13–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Baba AA, Raji MA, Muhammed OM, Abdulkareem AY, Olasinde FT, Ayinla IK, Adekola FA, Bale RB (2019) Potential of a nigerian biotite-rich kaolinite ore to industrial alumina by hydrometallurgical process. J Metall Res Technol 116:222. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gomez E, Estele JM, Cerda V, Blanco M (1992) Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of metal ions with 4-(pyridyl-2-azo) resorcinol (PAR). Frensenius J Anal Chem 342:318–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pattnaik S, Mukherjee P, Barik R, Mohapatra M (2019) Recovery of bi-metallic oxalates from low grade Mn ore for energy storage application. Hydrometallurgy 189:105139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hyfromet.2019105139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Baba AA (2008) Recovery of zinc and lead from sphalerite, galena and waste materials by hydrometallurgical treatments. PhD Thesis, Chemistry Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, 675pp

    Google Scholar 

  19. Avraamides J, Senansyake G, Clegg R (2006) Sulfur dioxide leaching of spent zinc-carbon-battery scrap. J Power Sources 159:1488–1493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Li Y, Xi G (2005) The dissolution mechanism of cathodic active materials of spent Zn-Mn batteries in HCl. J Hazard Mater B 127:244–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. De Souza CCBM, Tenorio JAS (2004) Simultaneous recovery of zinc and manganese dioxide from household alkaline batteries through hydrometallurgical processing. J Power Sources 136:191–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. Oliver Rouher and Mrs. Christine Salomon of Cytec Industries, Rungis Cedex, France, for their benevolence in supplying the Cyanex®272 extractant used for this investigation.

One of the authors (Prof. Alafara Abdullahi Baba, FCSN, FMSN) sincerely thanks the Director Training, Mining Cadastral Office, Abuja–Nigeria; KAM Industries (Nig.) Ltd., Ilorin, Kwara State: One of the leading indigenous Steel Industries in Nigeria; Saolad Nig. Ltd. (Building Materials Merchants), Palm Avenue, Mushin, Lagos and S. S. Amao and Sons Limited (Importer and Exporters of Motor Spare parts and facilities), Ijora, Lagos, Nigeria for their immeasurable support to attend the TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting and Exhibition in San Diego, California, USA, February 23–27, 2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria

    Alafara A. Baba, Folahan A. Adekola & Mustapha A. Raji

  2. Department of Geology and Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria

    Rafiu B. Bale

  3. Department of Material Science and Engineering, Kwara State University, P.M.B. 1530, Malete, Nigeria

    Abdul G. F. Alabi

Authors
  1. Alafara A. Baba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Folahan A. Adekola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rafiu B. Bale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Abdul G. F. Alabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mustapha A. Raji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alafara A. Baba .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Xiaobo Chen

  2. Griffith University, Queensland, Australia

    Yulin Zhong

  3. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    Lei Zhang

  4. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    John A. Howarter

  5. University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Alafara Abdullahi Baba

  6. Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

    Cong Wang

  7. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Ziqi Sun

  8. ArcelorMittal Global R&D, Schererville, IN, USA

    Mingming Zhang

  9. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Elsa Olivetti

  10. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Alan Luo

  11. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA

    Adam Powell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Baba, A.A., Adekola, F.A., Bale, R.B., Alabi, A.G.F., Raji, M.A. (2020). Economic Metals Rescue from Spent Zinc–Carbon Batteries for Industrial Value Additions. In: Chen, X., et al. Energy Technology 2020: Recycling, Carbon Dioxide Management, and Other Technologies. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36830-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation