Abstract
Social ties form the bedrock of the global economy and international political order. Understanding the nature of these ties is thus a focus of social science research in fields including economics, sociology, political science, geography, and demography. Yet prior empirical studies have been constrained by a lack of granular data on the interconnections between individuals; most existing work instead uses indirect proxies for international ties such as levels of international trade or air passenger data. In this study, using several billion domestic and international Facebook friendships, we explore in detail the relationship between international social ties and human mobility. Our findings suggest that long-term migration accounts for roughly 83% of international ties on Facebook. Migrants play a critical role in bridging international social networks.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, J., Faust, K., Lovasi, G.S.: Capturing context: integrating spatial and social network analyses. Soc. Netw. 34(1), 1–5 (2012)
Backstrom, L., Boldi, P., Rosa, M., Ugander, J., Vigna, S.: Four degrees of separation. In: Proceedings of WebSci 2012, pp. 33–42 (2012)
Bailey, M., Cao, R., Kuchler, T., Stroebel, J., Wong, A.: Social connectedness: measurement, determinants, and effects. J. Econ. Perspect. 32(3), 259–280 (2018)
Barnett, G.A.: A longitudinal analysis of the international telecommunication network, 1978–1996. Am. Behav. Sci. 44(10), 1638–1655 (2016)
Barnett, G.A., Jacobson, T., Choi, Y., Sun-Miller, S.: An examination of the international telecommunication network. J. Int. Commun. 3(2), 19–43 (1996)
Beaverstock, J.V., Smith, R.G., Taylor, P.J.: World-city network: a new metageography? Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 90(1), 123–134 (2000)
Bhagat, S., Burke, M., Diuk, C., Filiz, I.O., Edunov, S.: Three and a half degrees of separation. Facebook Research (2016)
Blumenstock, J.E., Chi, G., Tan, X.: Migration and the value of social networks. CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 13611 (2019)
Boyd, D., Crawford, K.: Critical questions for big data. Inf. Commun. Soc. 15(5), 662–679 (2012)
Burt, R.: Structural holes and good ideas. Am. J. Sociol. 110(2), 349–399 (2004)
Cha, M., Mislove, A., Gummadi, K.P.: A measurement-driven analysis of information propagation in the flickr social network. In: Proceedings WWW 2009, p. 721 (2009)
Cho, E., Myers, S.A., Leskovec, J.: Friendship and mobility: user movement in location-based social networks. In: Proceedings of KDD 2011, pp. 1082–1090 (2011)
Coleman, J.S.: Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1994)
Derudder, B., Witlox, F.: An appraisal of the use of airline data in assessing the world city network: a research note on data. Urban Stud. 42(13), 2371–2388 (2005)
Derudder, B.: On conceptual confusion in empirical analyses of a transnational urban network. Urban Stud. 43(11), 2027–2046 (2006)
Derudder, B., Witlox, F.: Mapping world city networks through airline flows: context, relevance, and problems. J. Transp. Geogr. 16(5), 305–312 (2008)
Derudder, B., Witlox, F., Taylor, P.J.: U.S. cities in the world city network. Urban Geogr. 28(1), 74–91 (2007)
Feenstra, R.C.: Advanced International Trade: Theory and Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2015)
García-Gavilanes, R., Mejova, Y., Quercia, D.: Twitter ain’t without Frontiers: economic, social, and cultural boundaries in international communication. In: Proceedings of ICWSM 2014, pp. 1511–1522 (2014)
Hafner-Burton, E.M., Kahler, M., Montgomery, A.H.: Network analysis for international relations. Int. Organ. 63(3), 559–592 (2009)
Hawelka, B., Sitko, I., Beinat, E., Sobolevsky, S., Kazakopoulos, P., Ratti, C.: Geo-located Twitter as proxy for global mobility patterns. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 41(3), 260–271 (2014)
Herdağdelen, A., State, B., Adamic, L., Mason, W.: The social ties of immigrant communities in the United States. In: Proceedings of WebSci 2016, pp. 78–84 (2016)
Hollis, M., Smith, S.: Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1990)
Jacobs, A.Z., Way, S.F., Ugander, J., Clauset, A.: Assembling the facebook: using heterogeneity to understand online social network assembly. In: Proceedings of WebSci 2015 (2015). Article 18
Keeling, D.J.: Transport and the world city paradigm. In: World Cities in a World-System, pp. 115–131 (1995)
Kikas, R., Dumas, M., Saabas, A.: Explaining international migration in the skype network: the role of social network features. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Social Media World Sensors, pp. 17–22 (2015)
Kyoung-Ho, S., Timberlake, M.: World cities in Asia: cliques, centrality and connectedness. Urban Stud. 37(12), 2257–2285 (2000)
Leetaru, K., Wang, S., Cao, G., Padmanabhan, A., Shook, E.: Mapping the global Twitter heartbeat: the geography of Twitter. First Monday 18(5) (2013)
Leskovec, J., Backstrom, L., Kumar, R., Tomkins, A.: Microscopic evolution of social networks. In: KDD, pp. 462–470. ACM (2008)
Leskovec, J., Horvitz, E.: Planetary-scale views on a large instant-messaging network. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web - WWW 2008, pp. 915–924 (2008)
Leskovec, J., Horvitz, E.: Planetary-scale views on a large instant-messaging network. In: WWW, pp. 915–924 (2008)
Liu, Y., Liu, X., Gao, S., Gong, L., Kang, C., Zhi, Y., Chi, G., Shi, L.: Social sensing: a new approach to understanding our socioeconomic environments. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 105(3), 512–530 (2015)
Lucas, R.E.B.: African migration. In: Chiswick, B.R., Miller, P.W. (eds.) Handbook of the Economics of International Migration, chap. 26, vol. 1, pp. 1445–1596 (2015)
Malecki, E.J.: The economic geography of the internet’s infrastructure. Econ. Geogr. 78(4), 399–424 (2002)
Matsumoto, H.: International urban systems and air passenger and cargo flows: some calculations. J. Air Transp. Manag. 10(4), 239–247 (2004)
Mellon, J., Prosser, C.: Twitter and Facebook are not representative of the general population: political attitudes and demographics of British social media users. Res. Polit. 4(3) (2017)
Onnela, J.P., et al.: Structure and tie strengths in mobile communication networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104(18), 7332–7336 (2007)
Perkins, R., Neumayer, E.: The ties that bind: the role of migrants in the uneven geography of international telephone traffic. Global Netw. 13(1), 79–100 (2013)
Ratha, D.: Migration and remittances Factbook 2016. The World Bank (2016)
Rauch, J.E.: Business and social networks in international trade. J. Econ. Lit. 39(4), 1177–1203 (2001)
Rutherford, J., Gillespie, A., Richardson, R.: The territoriality of Pan-European telecommunications backbone networks. J. Urban Technol. 11(3), 1–34 (2004)
Short, J.R., Kim, Y., Kuus, M., Wells, H.: The dirty little secret of world cities research: data problems in comparative analysis. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 20(4), 697–717 (1996)
Simmel, G.: The Sociology of Georg Aimmel. The Free Press, Glencoe (1950). Trans. by K.H. Wolff. (Original work published 1908)
Smith, D.A., Timberlake, M.F.: World city networks and hierarchies, 1977–1997: an empirical analysis of global air travel links. Am. Behav. Sci. 44(10), 1656–1678 (2001)
State, B., Park, P., Weber, I., Macy, M.: The mesh of civilizations in the global network of digital communication. PLoS ONE 10(5), e0122543 (2015)
State, B., Weber, I., Zagheni, E.: Studying international mobility through IP geolocation. In: Proceedings of WSDM 2014, pp. 265–274 (2014)
Takhteyev, Y., Gruzd, A., Wellman, B.: Geography of Twitter networks. Soc. Netw. 34(1), 73–81 (2012)
Todaro, M.: Internal migration in developing countries: a survey. In: Population and Economic Change in Developing Countries, pp. 361–402. University of Chicago Press (1980)
Townsend, A.M.: Network cities and the global structure of the internet. Am. Behav. Sci. 44(10), 1697–1716 (2001)
Travers, J., Milgram, S.: The small world problem. PSY Today 1(1), 61–67 (1967)
Travers, J., Milgram, S.: An experimental study of the small world problem. Sociometry 32, 425–443 (1969)
Ugander, J., Karrer, B., Backstrom, L., Marlow, C.: The anatomy of the Facebook social graph. arXiv:1111.4503 (2011)
Zagheni, E., Weber, I.: You are where you e-mail: using e-mail data to estimate international migration rates. In: Proceedings of WebSci 2012, pp. 348–351 (2012)
Zagheni, E., Weber, I., Gummadi, K.: Leveraging Facebook’s advertising platform to monitor stocks of migrants. Popul. Dev. Rev. 43(4), 721–734 (2017)
Zook, M.A., Brunn, S.D.: Hierarchies, regions and legacies: European cities and global commercial passenger air travel. J. Contemp. Eur. Stud. 13(2), 203–220 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chi, G., State, B., Blumenstock, J.E., Adamic, L. (2020). Who Ties the World Together? Evidence from a Large Online Social Network. In: Cherifi, H., Gaito, S., Mendes, J., Moro, E., Rocha, L. (eds) Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII. COMPLEX NETWORKS 2019. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 882. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36683-4_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36683-4_37
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36682-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36683-4
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)