Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuropsychological Assessment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fundamentals and Clinics of Deep Brain Stimulation

  • 1032 Accesses

Abstract

The aim of deep brain stimulation (DBS) is to improve function by controlling the targeted symptoms and ultimately ameliorating the quality of life (QoL) of the patients. Cognitive dysfunction and major psychiatric disorder are features of some of the disorders treated with DBS such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), which necessitates pre-operative screening to exclude cases with major cognitive deficits and psychiatric disorder unresponsive to treatment, as these can affect quality of life of the patients independent of the motor symptoms, and thus reduce the benefits of surgery. Even in disorders where cognition is largely intact prior to surgery (e.g. idiopathic dystonia), pre- and post-operative assessments of cognition are needed, as any form of brain surgery carries the potential risk of adverse cognitive effects. Furthermore, by a variety of mechanisms such as the positioning of the electrodes, spread of activation to neighbouring areas or effect of stimulation on distant parts of involved networks, changes in behaviour and mood may occur, which require careful documentation through pre- and post-operative assessments. Finally, DBS is a life-altering surgical intervention which can, over a relatively short period of time, have a dramatic impact on the patient’s symptoms and signs and modify their daily life and psychosocial functioning and interactions with other significant people in their lives. While much of these DBS-induced changes may be largely positive, even such positive change nevertheless requires adjustment and adaptation from the patient and their family. Neuropsychological assessment to screen for and exclude cases with major cognitive deficits or psychiatric disorders prior to surgery, and to establish a pre-operative baseline for cognitive function, mood, behaviour, psychosocial functioning and quality of life to compare with post-operative changes in these domains, is valuable for quantifying the beneficial effects of DBS and also documenting any potential adverse effects. As part of the multidisciplinary team, clinical neuropsychologists can also play a role in the pre-operative education and preparation of patients and their families for the changes that DBS will bring to their lives, and for the management of any post-operative psychosocial maladjustment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbes M, Lhommée E, Thobois S, et al. Subthalamic stimulation and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: results from a long-term follow-up cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89:836–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agid Y, Schupbach M, Gargiulo M, et al. Neurosurgery in Parkinson’s disease: the doctor is happy, the patient less so? J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;70:409–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleman GG, de Erausquin GA, Micheli F. Cognitive disturbances in primary blepharospasm. Mov Disord. 2009;24:2112–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allam N, Frank JE, Pereira C, Tomaz C. Sustained attention in cranial dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116:196–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ardouin C, Voon V, Worbe Y, et al. Pathological gambling in Parkinson’s disease improves on chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1941–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ardouin C, Chereau I, Llorca PM, Lhomme E, et al. Assessment of hyper- and hypo-dopaminergic behaviours in Parkinson’s disease. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009;165:845–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayobello A, Saway B, Greenage M. Attempted suicide in a Parkinsonian patient treated with DBS of the VIM and high dose carbidopa-levodopa. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2019;2019:2903762.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balas M, Peretz C, Badarny S, et al. Neuropsychological profile of DYT1 dystonia. Mov Disord. 2006;21:2073–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell E, Maxwell B, McAndrews MP, et al. A review of social and relational aspects of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease informed by healthcare provider experiences. Parkinsons Dis. 2011;2011:871874.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leo NJ, Cubo E, Coronell C. Impact of apathy on health-related quality of life in recently diagnosed Parkinson’s disease: the ANIMO study. Mov Disord. 2012;27:211–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Shlomo Y, Camfield L, Warner T, the Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group. What are the determinants of quality of life in people with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:608–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Breen DP, Rohani M, Moro E, et al. Functional movement disorders arising after successful deep brain stimulation. Neurology. 2018;90:931–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broen M, Duits A, Visser-Vandewalle V, et al. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson’s disease patients treated with bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:413–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bugalho P, Correa B, Guimaraes J, et al. Set-shifting and behavioral dysfunction in primary focal dystonia. Mov Disord. 2008;23:200–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmakli GY, Oruckaptan H, Saka E, Elibol B. Reversible acute cognitive dysfunction induced by bilateral STN stimulation. J Neurol. 2009;256:1360–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camfield L, Ben-Shlomo Y, Warner T, the Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group. Impact of cervical dystonia on quality of life. Mov Disord. 2002;17:838–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caparros-Lefebvre D, Blond S, Pecheux N, et al. Evaluation neuropsychologique avant et apres stimulation thalamique chez 9 parkinsoniens. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1992;148:117–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castrioto A, Lhommee E, Moro E, Krack P. Mood and behavioural effects of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:287–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceravolo R, Brusa L, Galati S, et al. Low frequency stimulation of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontini increases cortical metabolism in parkinsonian patients. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18:842–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Combs HL, Folley BS, Berry DT, et al. Cognition and depression following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus pars internus in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2015;25:439–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contarino MF, Foncke EM, Cath DC, et al. Effect of pallidal deep brain stimulation on psychiatric symptoms in myoclonus-dystonia due to ε-sarcoglycan mutations. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:1087–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa A, Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, et al. Effects of deep brain stimulation of the peduncolopontine area on working memory tasks in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:64–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czernecki V, Schupbach M, Yaici S, et al. Apathy following subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a dopamine responsive symptom. Mov Disord. 2008;23:964–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels C, Krack P, Volkmann J, et al. Risk factors for executive dysfunction after subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1583–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, et al. A randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:896–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinkelbach L, Mueller J, Poewe W, et al. Cognitive outcome of pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary cervical dystonia: one year follow up results of a prospective multicenter trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:976–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirnberger G, Jahanshahi M. Executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a review. J Neuropsychol. 2013;7:193–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elgebaly A, Elfil M, Attia A, et al. Neuropsychologica performance changes following subthalamic versus pallidal deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Spectr. 2017;23:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1689–707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher R, Salanova V, Witt T, et al. Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51:899–908.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foley JA, Vinke RS, Limousin P, Cipolotti L. Relationship of cognitive function to motor symptoms and mood disorders in patients with isolated dystonia. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2017;30:16–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2077–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foncke EM, Schuurman PR, Speelman JD. Suicide after deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for dystonia. Neurology. 2006;66:142–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francel P, Ryder K, Wetmore J, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: association between stimulation parameters and cognitive performance. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82:191–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank MJ, Samanta J, Moustafa AA, Sherman SJ. Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism. Science. 2007;318:1309–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiev D, Dirnberger G, Wilkinson L, et al. In Parkinson’s disease on a probabilistic Go/NoGo task deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus only interferes with withholding of the most prepotent responses. Exp Brain Res. 2016;234:1133–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gisquet E. Cerebral implants and Parkinson’s disease: a unique form of biographical disruption? Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1847–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratwicke J, Jahanshahi M, Foltynie T. Parkinson’s disease dementia: a neural network perspective. Brain. 2015;138:1454–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haahr A, Kirkevold M, Hall EO, Østergaard K. From miracle to reconciliation: a hermeneutic phenomenological study exploring the experience of living with Parkinson’s disease following deep brain stimulation. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47:1228–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haahr A, Kirkevold M, Hall EO, Østergaard K. Living with advanced Parkinson’s disease: a constant struggle with unpredictability. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67:408–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halbig TD, Gruber D, Kopp UA, et al. Pallidal stimulation in dystonia: effects on cognition, mood, and quality of life. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1713–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halbig TD, Tse W, Frisina PG, et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation and impulse control in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:493–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hariz MI, Johansson F, Shamsgovara P, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a parkinsonian patient with preoperative deficits in speech and cognition: persistent improvement in mobility but increased dependency: a case study. Mov Disord. 2000;15:136–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hariz GM, Limousin P, Tisch S, et al. Patients’ perceptions of life shift after deep brain stimulation for primary dystonia—a qualitative study. Mov Disord. 2011;26:2101–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hely MA, Reid WGJ, Adena MA, et al. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23:837–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houeto JL, Mesnage V, Mallet L, et al. Behavioural disorders, Parkinson’s disease and subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:701–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Houeto JL, Mallet L, Mesnage V, et al. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: behavior and social adaptation. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:1090–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M. Behavioural and psychiatric manifestations in Dystonia. In: Anderson K, Weiner W, Lang A, editors. Behavioural neurology of movement disorders. Advances in neurology, vol. 96. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 291–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M. Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on inhibitory and executive control over prepotent responses in Parkinson’s disease. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013;7:118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M. Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric features of idiopathic and DYT1 dystonia and the impact of medical and surgical treatment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;32:888–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Marsden CD. Depression in torticollis: a controlled study. Psychol Med. 1988;18:925–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Marsden CD. Body concept, disability and depression in torticollis. Behav Neurol. 1990a;3:117–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Marsden CD. A longitudinal follow-up study of depression, disability and body concept in torticollis. Behav Neurol. 1990b;3:233–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Marsden CD. Living and coping with Parkinson’s disease: a self-help guide for patients and their carers. London: Souvenir Press; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Torkamani M. The cognitive features of idiopathic and DYT1 dystonia. Mov Disord. 2017;32:1348–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Ardouin C, Brown RG, et al. The impact of deep brain stimulation on executive function in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2000;123:1142–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Rowe J, Fuller R. Cognitive executive function in dystonia. Mov Disord. 2003;18:1470–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Czernecki V, Zurowski AM. Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality of life issues in DBS for dystonia. Mov Disord. 2011;26:S63–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Torkamani M, Beigi M, et al. Pallidal stimulation for primary generalised dystonia: effect on cognition, mood and quality of life. J Neurol. 2014;261:164–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Obeso I, Baunez C, et al. Parkinson’s disease, the subthalamic nucleus, inhibition, and impulsivity. Mov Disord. 2015a;30:128–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahanshahi M, Obeso I, Rothwell JC, Obeso JA. A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015b;16:719–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemmotsu N, Price CC, Oyama G, et al. Pre- and post- GPi DBS neuropsychological profiles in a case of X-linked dystonia-Parkinsonism. Clin Neuropsychol. 2011;25:141–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss ZH. Bilateral pallidal neurostimulation—long-term motor and cognitive effects in primary generalized dystonia. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007;3:482–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner-Fisman G, Liang GS, Moberg PJ, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for severe idiopathic dystonia: impact on severity, neuropsychological status, and quality of life. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:29–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupsch A, Benecke R, Muller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1978–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L’hommee E, Klinger H, Thobois S, et al. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: restoring the balance of motivated behaviours. Brain. 2012;135:1463–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leimbach F, Gratwicke J, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Zrinzo L, Jahanshahi M. Impact of deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus on cognition in Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Clin Parkinson Relat Disord. 2019;1:48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis L, Butler A, Jahanshahi M. Depression in focal, segmental and generalized dystonia. J Neurol. 2008;255:1750–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim SY, Evans AH, Miyasaki JM. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1142:85–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim SY, O’Sullivan SS, Kotschet K, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome, impulse control disorders and punding after deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16:1148–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Aarsland D, Adler CH, et al. MDS task force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: critical review of PD-MCI. Mov Disord. 2011;26:1814–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Litvan I, Goldman JG, Troster AI, et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: movement disorder society task force guidelines. Mov Disord. 2012;27:349–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Loher TJ, Gutbrod K, Fravi NL, et al. Thalamic stimulation for tremor. Subtle changes in episodic memory are related to stimulation per se and not to a microthalamotomy effect. J Neurol. 2003;250:707–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier F, Lewis CJ, Horstkoetter N, et al. Subjective perceived outcome of subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease one year after surgery. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;24:41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallet L, Polosan M, Jaafari N, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive–compulsive disorder. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2121–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Fernandez R, Pelissier P, Quesada J-L, et al. Postoperative apathy can neutralise benefits in quality of life after subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:311–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Martinez AM, Aguilar OM, Acevedo-Triana CA. Meta-analysis of the relationship between deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease and performance in evaluation tests for executive brain functions. Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:9641392.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McNeely HE, Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Kennedy SH. Neuropsychological impact of Cg25 deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: preliminary results over 12 months. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196:405–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller J, Wissel J, Kemmler G, et al. Craniocervical dystonia questionnaire (CDQ-24): development and validation of a disease-specific quality of life instrument. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:749–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65:1239–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obeso I, Wilkinson L, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, et al. Bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has differential effects on reactive and proactive inhibition and conflict-induced slowing in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res. 2013;226:451–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obeso I, Wilkinson L, Speekenbrink M, et al. The subthalamic nucleus alters the response threshold and controls speed-accuracy adjustments in situations of conflict: evidence from unilateral subthalamotomy in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2014;137:1470–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odekerken VJJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, et al. Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:37–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen T, Gimeno H, Selway R, Lin JP. Cognitive function in children with primary dystonia before and after deep brain stimulation. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015;19:48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page D, Butler A, Jahanshahi M. Quality of life in focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia. Mov Disord. 2007;22:341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J, Strafella AP, Krack P. Apathy in Parkinson’s disease: clinical features, neural substrates, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:518–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papathanasiou I, MacDonald L, Whurr R, et al. Perceived stigma among patients with spasmodic dysphonia. J Med Speech-Lang Pathol. 1997;5:251–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papathanasiou I, MacDonald L, Whurr R, Jahanshahi M. Perceived stigma in spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord. 2001;16:280–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons TD, Rogers SA, Braaten AJ, et al. Cognitive sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:578–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piacentini S, Romito L, Franzini A, et al. Mood disorder following DBS of the left amygdaloid region in a dystonia patient with a dislodged electrode. Mov Disord. 2008;23:147–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pillon B, Ardouin C, Dujardin K, et al. Preservation of cognitive function in dystonia treated by pallidal stimulation. Neurology. 2006;66:1556–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto S, Ferraye M, Espesser R, et al. Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area in Parkinson’s disease: effects on speech and intelligibility. Brain. 2014;137:2759–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pote I, Torkamani M, Kefalopoulou ZM, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces impulsive action when patients with Parkinson’s disease act under speed pressure. Exp Brain Res. 2016;234:1837–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Griffin HJ, Quinn NP, Jahanshahi M. Quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: the relative importance of the symptoms. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1428–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricciardi L, Piano C, Rita Bentivoglio A, Fasano A. Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77:e35–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rieu I, Martinez-Martin P, Pereira B, De Chazeron I, Verhagen Metman L, Jahanshahi M, Ardouin C, Chéreau I, Brefel-Courbon C, Ory-Magne F, Klinger H, Peyrol F, Schupbach M, Dujardin K, Tison F, Houeto JL, Krack P, Durif F. International validation of a behavioral scale in Parkinson’s disease without dementia. Mov Disord. 2015;30(5):705–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26223. Epub 2015 Mar 21.

  • Romano R, Bertolino A, Gigante A, et al. Impaired cognitive functions in adult-onset primary cranial cervical dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:162–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saint-Cyr JA, Trépanier LL, Kumar R, et al. Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2000;123:2091–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N. What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:308–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schuepbach WMM, Rau J, Knudsen K, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:610–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schupbach M, Gargiulo M, Welter ML, et al. Neurosurgery in Parkinson disease: a distressed mind in a repaired body? Neurology. 2006;66:1811–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott R, Gregory R, Wilson J, et al. Executive cognitive deficits in primary dystonia. Mov Disord. 2003;18:539–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahmoon S, Jahanshahi M. Optimizing psychosocial adjustment after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2017;32:1155–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeding HMM, Goudriaan AE, Foncke EMJ, et al. Pathological gambling after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:517–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smeding HM, Speelman JD, Huizenga HM, et al. Predictors of cognitive and psychosocial outcome after STN DBS in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:754–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thevathasan W, Silburn PA, Brooker H, Coyne TJ, Khan S, Gill SS, et al. The impact of low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region on reaction time in parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(10):1099–104. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.189324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thobois S, Ardouin C, L’homme E, et al. Non-motor dopamine withdrawal syndrome after surgery for Parkinson’s disease: predictors and underlying mesolimbic denervation. Brain. 2010;133:1111–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torkamani M, Jahanshahi M. Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric features of dystonia and the impact of medical and surgical treatment. In: Tröster AI, editor. Clinical neuropsychology and cognitive neurology of Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 455–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tröster AI. Some clinically useful information that neuropsychology provides patients, care partners, neurologists, and neurosurgeons about deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;32:810–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tröster AI, Fields JA, Wilkinson SB, et al. Neuropsychological functioning before and after unilateral thalamic stimulating electrode implantation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosurg Focus. 1997;2:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tröster AI, Wilkinson SB, Fields JA, et al. Chronic electrical stimulation of the left ventrointermediate (Vim) thalamic nucleus for the treatment of pharmacotherapy-resistant Parkinson’s disease: a differential impact on access to semantic and episodic memory? Brain Cogn. 1998;38:125–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tröster AI, Fields JA, Pahwa R, et al. Neuropsychological and quality of life outcome after thalamic stimulation for essential tremor. Neurology. 1999;53:1774–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai SZ, Lin SH, Lin SZ, et al. Neuropsychological effects after chronic subthalamic stimulation and the topography of the nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosurgery. 2007;61:1024–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi H, Apergis-Schoute AM, Akram H, et al. A randomized trial directly comparing ventral capsule and anteromedial subthalamic nucleus stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder: clinical and imaging evidence for dissociable effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85:726–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Valldeoriola F, Regidor I, Minguez-Castellanos A, et al. Efficacy and safety of pallidal stimulation in primary dystonia: results of the Spanish multicentric study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:65–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmann J, Daniels C, Witt K. Neuropsychiatric effects of subthalamic neurostimulation in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:487–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voon V, Kubu C, Krack P, et al. Deep brain stimulation: neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric issues. Mov Disord. 2006;21(Suppl 14):S305–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voon V, Krack P, Lang AE, et al. A multicentre study on suicide outcomes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2008;131:2720–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JW, Zhang YQ, Zhang XH, et al. Cognitive and psychiatric effects of STN versus GPi deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0156721.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M, et al. Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology. 2012;79:55–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub D. Dopamine and impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(Suppl 2):S93–100.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub D, Duda JE, Carlson K, et al. Suicide ideation and behaviours after STN and GPi DBS surgery for Parkinson’s disease: results from a randomised, controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:1113–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams A, Gill S, Varma T, et al. Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:581–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:605–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witt K, Daniels C, Krack P, et al. Negative impact of borderline global cognitive scores on quality of life after subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2011;310:261–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witt K, Granert O, Daniels C, et al. Relation of lead trajectory and electrode position to neuropsychological outcomes of subthalamic neurostimulation in Parkinson’s disease: results from a randomized trial. Brain. 2013;136:2109–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods SP, Fields JA, Lyons KE, et al. Neuropsychological and quality of life changes following unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a one-year follow-up. Acta Neurochir. 2001;143:1273–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie Y, Meng X, Xiao J, et al. Cognitive changes following bilateral deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3596415.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • York MK, Wilde EA, Simpson R, Jankovic J. Relationship between neuropsychological outcome and DBS surgical trajectory and electrode location. J Neurol Sci. 2009;287:159–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zanini S, Moschella V, Stefani A, et al. Grammar improvement following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic and the pedunculopontine nuclei in advanced Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:606–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK

    Marjan Jahanshahi

Authors
  1. Marjan Jahanshahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marjan Jahanshahi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Yasin Temel

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Albert F.G. Leentjens

  3. Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands

    Rob M.A. de Bie

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, Grenoble University Hospital Center, Grenoble, France

    Stephan Chabardes

  5. Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Alfonso Fasano

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jahanshahi, M. (2020). Neuropsychological Assessment. In: Temel, Y., Leentjens, A., de Bie, R., Chabardes, S., Fasano, A. (eds) Fundamentals and Clinics of Deep Brain Stimulation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36346-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36346-8_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36345-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36346-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation