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Ethics and Privacy I: Facial Recognition and Robotics

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Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology

Abstract

AI has raised major ethics and privacy concerns. We discuss briefly the meaning of ethics and privacy; how facial recognition programs pose possible major threats to privacy as exemplified by China’s photographing of potential naysayers in certain provinces; Alexa and comparable programs which may encode conversations and events that inhabitants are not aware of and may become subject to government seizure and use in criminal proceedings; Amazon’s Recognition program; a Code of Ethics for AI; fear of robotics’ domination of human persons; autonomous lethal weapons; and AI peace initiatives by Peace Machine, the United Nations, and the International Peace Institute.

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Notes

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  6. 6.

    Ethics, INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY, https://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/. See, also, Peter Singer, Ethics Philosophy, ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy.

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  8. 8.

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  13. 13.

    Id. §653C.

  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

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  17. 17.

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    Shannon Liao, An exposed database tracked whether 1.8 million Chinese women were “breed ready,” THE VERGE (March 11, 2019).

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    Karen Hao, Why AI is a threat to democracy – and what we can do to stop it, MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (Feb. 26, 2019), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613010/why-ai-is-a-threat-to-democracyand-what-we-can-do-to-stop-it/. The cited book is Amy Webb, The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity, PUBLIC AFFAIRS (March 5, 2019).

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    Amazon Echo, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo.

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    Huu Nguyen, Artificial Intelligence Law is Here, Part Three, EVOLVE THE LAW (Oct. 4, 2018), https://abovethelaw.com/legal-innovation-center/2018/10/04/artificial-intelligence-law-is-here-part-three/.

  24. 24.

    Zhang v. Baidu, 10 F. Sup.3d 433 (S.D.N.Y. 2014). See Sylvia Sui, State v. Bates: Amazon Argues that the First Amendment Protects Its Alexa Voice Service, JOLT DIGEST (March 25, 2017), http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/amazon-first-amendment.

  25. 25.

    Nicole Chavez, Arkansas judge drops murder charge in Amazon Echo case, CNN (Dec. 2, 2017), https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/30/us/amazon-echo-arkansas-murder-case-dismissed/index.html.

  26. 26.

    Patrick Hearn, New Hampshire judge tells Amazon to turn over Echo recordings in murder case, DIGITAL TRENDS (Nov. 12, 2018), https://www.digitaltrends.com/news/alexa-court-new-hampshire-judge-requests-echo-recordings/.

  27. 27.

    Biometric Information Privacy Act, Ill. 740 ILCS 14/1 (2008), http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3004.

  28. 28.

    (2017) Wash, HB 1483, Ch. 299, Biometric Identifiers, http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2017-18/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1493-S.SL.pdf#page=1.

  29. 29.

    Tex. Personal Identity Information, Title 11, §503, https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/BC/htm/BC.503.htm.

  30. 30.

    Ben Sobel, facial recognition technology is everywhere. It may not be legal, WASHINGTON POST (June 11, 2015, http://washingtopost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/06/.

  31. 31.

    Richard Brand and Eva Pulliam, Faces in the crowd: legal considerations for use of facial recognition technology at sports arenas, LAWINSPORT (Aug. 29, 2018), https://www.lawinsport.com/topics/articles/item/faces-in-the-crowd-legal-considerations-for-use-of-facial-recognition-technology-at-sports-arenas.

  32. 32.

    Prisons are using face recognition on visitors to prevent drug smuggling, MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/613080/prisons-are-using-face-recognition-on-visitors-to-prevent-drug-smuggling/.

  33. 33.

    Lizzie Dearden, Prison visitors to have faces and irises scanned as government targets drug smuggling, INDEPENDENT (March 6, 2019), https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/facial-recognition-prisons-iris-scanning-drug-smuggling-government-gauke-a8809166.html.

  34. 34.

    The Second Amendment states: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” Proponents of unfettered gun rights emphasize the send part of the sentence while ignoring the preamble to the sentence and vice versa for opponents of gun rights.

  35. 35.

    Rose Eveleth, In the Face of Danger, We’re Turning to Surveillance, WIRED (March 21, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/surveillance-safety/.

  36. 36.

    Amazon Rekognition, AMAZON, https://amazon.com/rekognition.

  37. 37.

    Doris Y. Tsao, Face Values, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ((Feb. 2019), pp. 23–29.

  38. 38.

    Jacob Snow, Amazon’s Face Recognition Falsely Matched 28 Members of Congress with Mugshots, ACLU of Northern Ca. (July 28, 2018), https://www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/amazons-face-recognition-falsely-matched-28.

  39. 39.

    Rachel Metz, Amazon investors want it to quit selling facial recognition tech to the government, CNN BUSINESS, KMOV4 (Jan. 17, 2019). https://www.kmov.com/news/amazon-investors-want-it-to-quit-selling-facial-recognition-tech/article_2cdff0ec-6baa-536f-ba5c-1b09e7b28e27.html.

  40. 40.

    Nick Statt, Amazon told employees it would continue to sell facial recognition software to law enforcement, THE Verge (Nov. 8. 2018), https://www.kmov.com/news/amazon-investors-want-it-to-quit-selling-facial-recognition-tech/article_2cdff0ec-6baa-536f-ba5c-1b09e7b28e27.html.

  41. 41.

    Rick Madonik, When It Comes to Gorillas, google Photos Remains Blind, WIRED (Jan. 11, 2018), https://www.wired.com/story/when-it-comes-to-gorillas-google-photos-remains-blind/.

  42. 42.

    Tom Simonite, Photo Algorithms ID White Men Fine-Black Women, Not So Much, WIRED (Feb. 6, 2018), https://www.wired.com/story/photo-algorithms-id-white-men-fineblack-women-not-so-much/.

  43. 43.

    David Rand, Facial recognition can drive business goals, but where do we draw the line? HEWLETTPACKARD ENTERPRISE (Feb. 25, 2019), https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/facial-recognition-can-drive-business-goals-but-where-do-we-draw-the-line-1902.html, quoting Gartner.

  44. 44.

    Tim Hinchliffe, Amazon proposes ethical guidelines on facial recognition software use, THE SOCIABLE (Feb. 11, 2019), https://sociable.co/business/amazon-ethical-facial-recognition-software-use/.

  45. 45.

    Monica Nickelsburg, Microsoft want Washington State to double down on infrastructure and privacy, Microsoft wants Washington state to double down on infrastructure and privacy, GEEKWIRE (Feb 11, 2019), https://www.geekwire.com/2019/microsoft-wants-washington-state-double-infrastructure-privacy/.

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    Brad Smith, Facial recognition technology: The need for public regulation and corporate responsibility, MICROSOFT ON THE ISSUES (July 13, 2018), https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2018/07/13/facial-recognition-technology-the-need-for-public-regulation-and-corporate-responsibility/.

  47. 47.

    Will Knight, AI researchers ask Amazon to stop selling face recognition to law enforcement, TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (April 3, 2019), https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/613263/ai-researchers-ask-amazon-to-stop-selling-face-recognition-to-law-enforcement/.

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    Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award, ACM, https://www.acm.org/media-center/2019/march/turing-award-2018?linkId=100000005610544.

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    Will Knight, Google employees are lining up to trash Google’s AI ethics council, TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (April 1, 2019), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613253/googles-ai-council-faces-blowback-over-a-conservative-member/.

  50. 50.

    Manas Mishra and Akshay Balan, Google dissolves AI ethics council after just 10 days, REUTERS (April 5, 2019) https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/05/google-dissolves-ai-ethics-council-after-just-10-days/.

  51. 51.

    Critique of ethics boards is discussed in James Vincent, The Problem with AI Ethics, THE VERGE (April 3, 2019), https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/3/18293410/ai-artificial-intelligence-ethics-boards-charters-problem-big-tech.

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    Meredith Whittaker, Kate Crawford, Roel Dobbe, Genevieve Fried, Elizabeth Kaziunas, Varoon Mathur, Sarah Myers West, Rashida Richardson, Jason Schultz, and Oscar Schwartz, AI Now Report 2018, AI NOW INSTITUTE (Dec. 2018), https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2018_Report.pdf. AI NOW INSTITUTE is an interdisciplinary research institute at New York University that is concerned with the social implications of AI technologies. It is cited herein on a number of ethical issues arising from AI-based technologies.

  53. 53.

    Id. at 13–14.

  54. 54.

    Tom Simonite, Why Chinese Companies Plug a US Test for Facial Recognition, WIRED (March 6, 2019), http://peoplenetv.com/why-chinese-companies-plug-a-us-test-for-facial-recognition/.

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    Emily Dreyfuss, Security News This Week: Database Leak Details China’s Oppressive Tracking of Muslims, WIRED (Feb. 16, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/database-leak-details-chinas-oppressive-tracking-of-muslims-security-roundup/.

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  57. 57.

    Id. at 15–17.

  58. 58.

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  63. 63.

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  64. 64.

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  66. 66.

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  67. 67.

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  68. 68.

    Id. at 2.

  69. 69.

    Id. at 8.

  70. 70.

    Id. at 8–10.

  71. 71.

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  72. 72.

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  73. 73.

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  76. 76.

    Id.

  77. 77.

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    Rosario Girasa

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Girasa, R. (2020). Ethics and Privacy I: Facial Recognition and Robotics. In: Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35975-1_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35975-1_4

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35974-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35975-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

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