Abstract
This chapter addresses China’s strategic narrative with regard to MENA and its increasing regional role via the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). After decades of democracy promotion and violent regime change to enlarge the US-led liberal order, China sees the Western MENA narrative as the principal cause of state failure, rising terrorism and regional disorder. In response, Beijing offers an alternative “peace with development” narrative as a more sustainable security concept promoting MENA connectivity and economic integration to achieve regional stability. As China is strengthening its diplomatic and security postures, partnering with local actors in new geopolitical alignments and building new institutions to implement the BRI, a new MENA regional security architecture appears to be arising and slowly paving the way for a post-western, multi-order world.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
As leading proponent of Democratic Peace Theory (DPT) Rudolph Rummel stated in 1999: “Democracy is a general cure for political or collective violence of any kind.” According to DPT, democratic leaders are restrained by the resistance of their people to carrying the costs of war-related deaths, and democracies are therefore less likely than autocratic regimes to go to war against each other.
- 2.
More generally, Khaleeji (Arab Gulf) regimes tend to use two other main narratives: the Ikhwani (Muslim Brotherhood) threat and “Iranian interference”, which relates to Shia Muslims on the peninsula opposing the status quo of Sunni dominance.
- 3.
China does not disregard domestic components of discontent in social protests and uprisings, but it is against external interference that fuels, hijacks and militarises protests turning them into a violent proxy fight for dominance. It supports the principle of national sovereignty and believes reforms should be implemented domestically within a country’s existing governance structure—whether autocratic, democratic, or a hybrid system—and should not be forced by external powers to convert to a democratic structure as a panacea for all domestic grievances.
- 4.
The book was translated into English in 2015.
- 5.
The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is a Russia-led military alliance consisting of Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, with Afghanistan and Serbia as observer states. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a China-led Eurasian security bloc consisting of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, India and Pakistan, with Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia as observer states.
- 6.
China’s security budget was $87 billion in 2010, and the defence budget was $84.6 billion: the corresponding figures were $99 billion and $95.6 billion in 2011; $111.4 and $106.4 billion in 2012; and $123.6 billion and $119 billion in 2013. The Chinese government has withheld full disclosure of the security budget since 2014 given its sensitive nature: defence was $131.57 billion. Defence was budgeted at $141 billion in 2015, a 10% increase from 2014, whereas the security budget increased by 11%. However, the overall internal security budget was probably higher than the defence budget based on past trends. Defence was budgeted at $146 billion in 2016, and $151.43 billion in 2017, when the estimated security budget was $196 billion. The corresponding figures for 2018 are $175 billion (defence) and $210 billion (estimated security).
- 7.
The map merely depicts the general connectivity of the Central Asia and West Asia regions, the BRI being open to additional participation from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
References
Al-Araby (2018) We’re not mercenaries: Egypt ‘rejects’ US proposal to deploy troops to Syria. April 18. https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/4/18/egypt-rejects-us-proposal-to-deploy-troops-to-syria
Ali S (2018) Masrour Barzani encourages China to play a greater role in Middle East stability. Kurdistan24 News, March 14. http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/139fcd91-2740-401d-8f55-df8e8ebaaa3f
Allison G (2018) The myth of the liberal order: from historical accident to conventional wisdom. Foreign Affairs (July/August). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-06-14/myth-liberal-order
Alterman JB (2018) China, the United States, and the Middle East. In: Reardon-Anderson J (ed) The Red Star & the Crescent: China and the Middle East. Oxford University Press, New York
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (2019) AIIB reaches 100-member milestone. July 13. https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2019/20190713_001.html
BBC (2017) Why is Libya so lawless. May 25. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24472322
Beijing International Studies University (BISU) (2017) October 20. http://obor.bisu.edu.cn/art/2017/10/20/art_7467_156063.html
Beinart P (2018) Trump is preparing for a New Cold War. The Atlantic, February 27. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/trump-is-preparing-for-a-new-cold-war/554384/
Bennis P (2017) Commentary: how America bears responsibility for Libya’s slave auctions. Fortune, December 8. http://fortune.com/2017/12/08/libya-slave-market-trade-slavery-africa-2017/
Berman I (2016) Egypt’s economy is in big trouble. The National Interest, September 28. http://nationalinterest.org/feature/egypts-economy-big-trouble-17863
Bosu RS (2017) Belt and road initiative—a boon for the Middle East. China.org.cn, May 4. http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2017-05/04/content_40745942.htm
Bradsher K (2017) China’s premier, Li Keqiang, praises free trade, in contrast to trump. The New York Times, June 27. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/business/china-li-keqiang-summer-davos-trade.html
Brzezinski Z (2016) Toward a global realignment. The American Interest, April 17. https://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/04/17/toward-a-global-realignment/
Burrows M, George R (2016) Is America ready for a multipolar world? The National Interest, January 20. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/america-ready-multipolar-world-14964
Carlson B, Fischer S, Prior T, Thompson J (2018) Strategic trends 2018: key developments in global affairs. CSS ETH Zurich. http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/publications/strategic-trends/details.html?id=/s/t/r/a/strategic_trends_2018
China.Org.Cn (2017) Opening ceremony of the 19th CPC National Congress. October 17. http://live.china.org.cn/2017/10/17/opening-ceremony-of-the-19th-cpc-national-congress/
China News Service (2009) July 29. https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2009/08/dai-bingguo-戴秉国-the-core-interests-of-the-prc/, http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/07-29/1794984.shtml
Collins G, Erickson A (2011) Implications of China’s military evacuation of citizens from Libya. China Brief 11(4). March 11. https://jamestown.org/program/implications-of-chinas-military-evacuation-of-citizens-from-libya/
Cooper H, Gibbons-Neff T, Hubbard B (2018) U.S., Britain and France strike Syria over suspected chemical weapons attack. New York Times, April 13. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/trump-strikes-syria-attack.html
Dangdai S (2016) May 30. http://chuansong.me/n/1047836252566
Dzyubenko O (2016) Kyrgyzstan says Uighur militants behind attacks on China’s embassy. Reuters, September 6. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-blast-china/kyrgyzstan-says-uighur-militant-groups-behind-attack-on-chinas-embassy-idUSKCN11C1DK
European Commission, Foreign Affairs Council 18/07/2016. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11252-2016-INIT/en/pdf
Farley R (2018a) China’s rise and the future of liberal international order: asking the right questions. The Diplomat, February 23, 2018. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/chinas-rise-and-the-future-of-liberal-international-order-asking-the-right-questions/
Farley R (2018b) How can the U.S. manage a rising China? The Diplomat, February 27, 2018. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/how-can-the-us-manage-a-rising-china/
Fearon JD (2004) Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others? J Peace Res 41(3):275–301. http://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/PS439G/readings/fearon_2004.pdf
Fearon JD, Laitin D (2008) Civil war termination. Stanford University Working Paper, September 12. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4894/e3a3ba9778117453f15c17cfbd9c6280cf47.pdf
Fisher M (2013) Political science says Syria’s civil war will probably last at least another decade. Washington Post, October 23. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/23/political-science-says-syrias-civil-war-will-probably-last-at-least-another-decade/?utm_term=.afec059498ad
Flockhart T (2016) The coming multi-order world. Contemporary Security Policy 37(1): 3–30. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54617/
Freedman L (2006) The transformation of strategic affairs, IISS Adelphi Paper 379. Routledge, London
Friedman Y (2017) Commando units and rice; the Chinese are coming to Syria. i24 News, December 4. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/161888-171204-commando-units-and-rice-the-chinese-are-coming-to-syria
Fu Y (2016) How China sees Russia: Beijing and Moscow are close, but not allies. Foreign Affairs (January/February). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-12-14/how-china-sees-russia
Fu Y (2017) China’s vision for the world: a community of shared future. The Diplomat, June 22. https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/chinas-vision-for-the-world-a-community-of-shared-future/
Fulton J (2018) Can the SCO expand into the Middle East? The Diplomat, February 24. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/could-the-sco-expand-into-the-middle-east/
Fung CJ (2017) Foreign-imposed regime change and intervention in Chinese Foreign Policy at the UN Security Council. East Asia Institute Working Paper, October. http://www.academia.edu/35856650/Foreign-Imposed_Regime_Change_and_Intervention_in_Chinese_Foreign_Policy_at_the_UN_Security_Council
Gao C (2017) Why China wants Syria in its belt and road. The Diplomat, November 30. https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/why-china-wants-syria-in-its-new-belt-and-road/
Garver JW (2018) China and the Iran nuclear negotiations. In: Reardon-Anderson J (ed) The Red Star & the Crescent: China and the Middle East. Oxford University Press, New York
Gelb LH, Gard R, Johns JH (2015) Bringing back the Russo-American Axis. Foreign Policy, December 18. http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/18/russia-putin-lavrov-obama-syria-ukraine-isis/
Glazebrook D (2018) Syria and the West’s last-ditch battle to halt the rise of China. Middle East Eye, April 17. http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/wests-dilemma-how-deal-russia-1965769486
Global Times (2017) China to help restore peace in the Middle East. November 30. http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/1130/c90000-9298663.html
Gulf Insider (2018) China’s one belt, one road, is a ‘win-win’ for GCC—Bahrain Minister. May 13. http://www.gulf-insider.com/chinas-one-belt-one-road-win-win-gulf-countries-bahrain-minister/
Heilmann S, Rudolph M, Huotari M, Buckow J (2014) China’s shadow Foreign Policy: parallel structures challenge the established international order. MERICS China Monitor No. 18, October 28. https://www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/China_Monitor_18_Shadow_Foreign_Policy_EN.pdf
Hook L, Dyer G (2011) China’s oil interests attacked in Libya. Financial Times, February 24. https://www.ft.com/content/eef58d52-3fe2-11e0-811f-00144feabdc0
Huang J (2011) China counting financial losses in Libya. Global Times, March 4. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/629817.shtml
Huang Z (2015) Western democracy is the root of Europe’s refugee crisis—Chinese state media. Quartz, September 7. https://qz.com/496374/western-democracy-is-the-root-of-europes-refugee-crisis-a-column-in-chinese-state-media-claims/ http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2015-09/07/content_1607052.htm
IHS Markit (2017) Study shows Islamic State’s primary opponent in Syria is government forces, IHS Markit Says. IHS Markit Press Release, April 19. http://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-security/study-shows-islamic-states-primary-opponent-syria-governmen
Interfax (2016) Syria, Israel, Egypt applying to join SCO’s activity-president’s special envoy, January 23. http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491
Issa P (2017) Lebanon prepares for Syria’s post-war construction windfall. Associated Press, August 17. http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2017/Lebanon-seeks-jump-aboard-wagon-of-Syria-s-reconstruction-boom-once-peace-arrives/id-b3491b276c8446e3acf8e445890d3bac
Kissinger H (2011) On China. Penguin Books, New York
Kovrig M (2017) The twists and turns along China’s belt and road. Crisis Group Commentary, International Crisis Group, October 2. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/north-east-asia/china/twists-and-turns-along-chinas-belt-and-road
Kuo MA (2017) US airstrikes in Syria: impact on China, Israel and the Middle East—insights from Christina Lin. The Diplomat, April 11. https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/us-airstrikes-in-syria-impact-on-china-israel-and-the-middle-east/
Kupchan CA (2012) No one’s world: the west, the rising rest, and the coming global turn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Kupchan CA (2014) Reordering order: global change and the need for a new normative consensus. In: Liberal order in a post-western world, co-authored with Trine Flockhart, Christina Lin, Bartlomiej E. Nowak, Patrick W. Quirk, and Lanxin Xiang. Transatlantic Academy 2013–2014 Collaborative Report, May 5, 1–12. http://www.gmfus.org/publications/liberal-order-post-western-world
Kupchan CA (2018) The clash of exceptionalisms: a new fight over an old idea. Foreign Affairs (March/April). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2018-02-13/clash-exceptionalisms
Kuperinsky A (2017) Brian Williams disturbs viewers by calling Syria missile video “beautiful.” New Jersey, April 7. http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/04/brian_williams_calls_missile_beautiful_syria_msnbc.html
Landis J (2018) Syria, deterrence of chemical weapons and U.S. policy in the Middle East. Syria Comment, April 12. https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/syria-deterrence-of-chemical-weapons-and-u-s-policy-in-the-middle-east-by-joshua-landis/
Leonard M (2013) The double bypass: how the United States and China are routing around each other and transforming the liberal order. Transatlantic Academy 2012-2013 Paper Series No. 6 October 8. http://www.gmfus.org/publications/double-bypass-how-united-states-and-china-are-routing-around-each-other-and
Lin C (2013 Spring) China’s strategic shift towards the region of the four seas: the Middle Kingdom arrives in the Middle East. Middle East Rev Int Aff (MERIA) J 17(1). http://www.rubincenter.org/2013/03/chinas-strategic-shift-toward-the-region-of-the-four-seas-the-middle-kingdom-arrives-in-the-middle-east/
Lin C (2016a) Asian rebels in Aleppo—Western blind spot. Institut für Strategie- Politik- Sicherheits- und Wirtschaftsberatung (ISPSW)/CSS ETH Zurich, February 2016. http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication.html/196033
Lin C (2016b) China’s emerging role as a security provider in the Middle East–the EU’s response. EU-China Observer, Issue #2.16, College of Europe. July 2016. https://issuu.com/collegeofeurope/docs/eu-china_observer216
Lin C (2016c) US apologizes to Laos for cluster bombs, then sells more to pound Yemen. Asia Times, September 8, 2016
Lin C (2016d) China and the new Middle East Security Arc. Food for thought, NATO Defense College Foundation December 2016. http://www.natofoundation.org/food/china-and-the-new-middle-east-security-arc-christina-lin/
Lin C (2017a) Can China and Israel reconcile their interests in Syria? Institut fur Strategie- Politik- Sicherheits- und Wirtschaftsberatung (ISPSW)/CSS ETH Zurich. May 8, 2017. http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/f29ea2a9-5961-4920-a0d8-f95209e84f15
Lin C (2017b) The Belt and Road and China’s long-term visions in the Middle East. Conference paper for Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Syria/Iraq Office and American University of Beirut’s Issam Fares Institute, on China’s Expanding Influence in the Middle East: Trade, Energy, Security and Multi-polarity. September 28, 2017
Liu M (2015) The China dream: great power thinking and strategic posture in a post-American era. CN Times Books, New York
Lo K (2018) Beijing hits back at US defence strategy and ‘cold war mindset’. South China Morning Post, January 20. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2129828/beijing-hits-back-us-defence-strategy-and-cold-war
Lou T (2018) In competing with China, US should realize the virtues of the rules-based order speak for themselves. The Diplomat, February 25. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/in-competing-with-china-the-us-should-realize-the-virtues-of-the-rules-based-order-speak-for-themselves/
Luft G (2016) China new grand strategy for the Middle East. Foreign Policy, January 26. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/26/chinas-new-middle-east-grand-strategy-iran-saudi-arabia-oil-xi-jinping/
Mardell J (2017) The ‘community of common destiny’ in Xi Jinping’s new era. The Diplomat, October 25. https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/the-community-of-common-destiny-in-xi-jinpings-new-era/
Middle East Monitor (2017) Syria: 5,000 Chinese Uyghurs fighting in Syria. May 9. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170509-syria-5000-chinese-uyghurs-fighting-in-syria/
Miskimmon A, O’Loughlin B, Roselle L (eds) (2013) Strategic narratives: communication power and the new world order. Routledge, New York
Miskimmon A, O’Loughlin B, Roselle L (eds) (2017) Forging the world: strategic narratives and international relations. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Moore J (2017) Coalition made in hell: ISIS and Taliban join forces for massacre in Afghanistan. Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/isis-taliban-join-forces-deadly-attack-afghanistan-647166
Moussa J (2017) Al-Akhbar, May 16. https://twitter.com/jenanmoussa/status/864593687191465984/video/1
Narwani S (2013) ‘Security Arc’ forms amidst Mideast terror. Al-Akhbar, December 21. https://mato48.com/2013/12/22/a-security-arc-in-the-middle-east/
Nathan AJ, Scobell A (2012) China’s search for security. Columbia University Press, New York
O’Connor T (2017) Report sees ISIS benefiting from Assad downfall. Newsweek, April 20. http://www.newsweek.com/us-overthrow-assad-syria-isis-wins-587037
Parker T (2018) Thomas Parker’s response to David Pollock’s ‘Iran, Israel, Syria, and the U.S. views from China. Fikra Forum, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 19. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/tom-parkers-response-to-david-pollocks-iran-israel-syria-and-the-u.s.-views
Polin THW (2018) Democracy: a Western tool for domination. Global Times, February 11. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1089233.shtml
Pollack D (2018) Iran, Israel, Syria, and the U.S.: views from China. Fikra Forum, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 6. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/iran-israel-syria-and-u.s.-views-from-china
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) (2016) China’s new silk route: the long and winding road, February. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-markets-center/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf
Raik K, Aaltola M, Kallio J, Pynnöniemi K (2018) The National Security Strategy of China. In The security strategies of the US, China, Russia and the EU: living in different worlds, FIIA report 56, June, pp 27–36. https://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/the-security-strategies-of-the-us-china-russia-and-the-eu
Rasmussen SE, Osseiran N (2018) Lebanon seeks foreign aid to support its war-rattled economy. Wall Street J, March 14. https://www.wsj.com/articles/lebanon-seeks-foreign-aid-to-support-its-war-rattled-economy-1521058947
Rolland N (2018) Beijing’s vision for a reshaped international order. China Brief 18(3). February 26. https://jamestown.org/program/beijings-vision-reshaped-international-order/
Rummel RJ (2018) What is democratic peace? University of Hawaii. https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DP.IS_WHAT.HTM. Accessed 8 September 2018
Sambanis N, Skaperdas S, Wohlforth W (2017) External intervention, identity, and civil war. University of California, Irvine Working Paper, May. https://www.socsci.uci.edu/~sskaperd/SSW_Intervention_013117.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2018
Shepard W (2017) Next up on China’s Maritime Silk Road: Abu Dhabi. Forbes, August 2. https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/08/02/next-up-abu-dhabi-chinas-maritime-silk-road-breaks-into-the-middle-east/
Shinkman PD (2015) New year may bring renewed war to Afghanistan. US News & World Report, December 30. https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015-12-30/isis-taliban-surge-in-afghanistan-could-provoke-us-escalation
Sjursen D (2017) This US military officer explains why America’s Middle East Wars have been utter failures—hint: the foundational narrative is the problem. The Nation, February 21. https://www.thenation.com/article/a-us-military-officer-explains-why-americas-wars-in-the-middle-east-have-been-utter-failures/
Suokas J (2017) China’s belt and road initiative explained. Global Times, May 9. https://gbtimes.com/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-explained
Swaine M (2012) Chinese views of the Syrian conflict. China Leadership Monitor Issue 39 (Fall). https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Swaine_CLM_39_091312_2.pdf
Times of Israel (2017) Russia condemns alleged Israeli strikes in Syria, April 27. http://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-condemns-alleged-israeli-missile-strike-in-syria/
Tatlow DK (2015) For China, migrant crisis is someone else’s fault, and responsibility. The New York Times, September 9. https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/for-china-migrant-crisis-is-someone-elses-fault-and-responsibility/
Tucker N (2015) Central Asian involvement in the conflict in Syria and Iraq: Drivers and Responses. United States Agency for International Development, May 4. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/CVE_CentralAsiansSyriaIraq.pdf
US Agency for International Development (2013) USAID strategy on democracy, human rights and governance. USAID, Washington, DC
U.S. House of Representatives (2017) Rep. Lieu Statement on House Passage of NDAA with Lieu Provisions on Yemen. Press Release. November 14. https://lieu.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-lieu-statement-house-passage-ndaa-lieu-provisions-yemen
Van der Puttin FP, Montesano FS, van de Van J, van Ham P (2016) The geopolitical relevance of Piraeus and China’s New Silk Road for Southeast Europe and Turkey. Clingendael Report, December. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Report_the%20geopolitical_relevance_of_Piraeus_and_China%27s_New_Silk_Road.pdf
Wang J (2017) One belt one road: a vision for the future of China-Middle East relations. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Report, May 9. http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2017/05/belt-road-vision-future-china-middle-east-relations-170509102227548.html
White House (2010) National Security of the United States, May. http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2010.pdf
Wong C (2018) China to step up aid to Syria as the war winds down. South China Morning Post, February 12. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2133064/china-step-aid-syria-war-winds-down
Xinhua (2017) Israel, Palestine ready to work with China to find solution to peace process. November 7, 2017. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/07/c_136732623.htm
Xinhua (2018a) French PM calls military interventions in Middle East ‘mistake’. February 11 2018. http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2018-02/11/content_50486795.htm
Xinhua (2018b) China sees Saudi Arabia as important partner in Belt and Road construction: Chinese FM. May 22, 2018. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/22/c_137197787.htm
Younes A (2018) Jordan’s economic crisis threatens political stability. Al Jazeera, February 14. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/jordan-economic-crisis-threatens-political-stability-180214112245542.html
Zhang M (2015) Cooperation, not competition. China.Org, May 15. http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2015-05/15/content_35578422.htm
Zhao S (2014) China’s geo-strategy and relations with the major powers during the global downturn in 2008-2010. In: Men J, Shen W (eds) The EU, the US and China-towards a new international order? Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lin, C. (2020). The Chinese MENA Narrative: Peace with Development via the Belt and Road Initiative. In: Mühlberger, W., Alaranta, T. (eds) Political Narratives in the Middle East and North Africa. Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35217-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35217-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35216-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35217-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)