Abstract
A system of cooperative unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a group of agents interacting with each other and the surrounding environment to achieve a specific task. In contrast with a single UAV, UAV swarms are expected to benefit efficiency, flexibility, accuracy, robustness, and reliability. However, the provision of external communications potentially exposes them to an additional layer of faults, failures, uncertainties, and cyberattacks and can contribute to the propagation of error from one component to other components in a network. Also, other challenges such as complex nonlinear dynamic of UAVs, collision avoidance, velocity matching, and cohesion should be addressed adequately. Main applications of cooperative UAVs are border patrol; search and rescue; surveillance; mapping; military. Challenges to be addressed in decision and control in cooperative systems may include the complex nonlinear dynamic of UAVs, collision avoidance, velocity matching, and cohesion. In this paper, emerging topics in the field of cooperative UAVs control and their associated practical approaches are reviewed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsBibliography
L. Lin, M. Roscheck, M.A. Goodrich, B.S. Morse, Supporting wilderness search and rescue with integrated intelligence: autonomy and information at the right time and the right place. in Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (2010)
J.R. Riehl, G.E. Collins, J.P. Hespanha, Cooperative search by UAV teams: a model predictive approach using dynamic graphs. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 47(4), 2637–2656 (2011)
J. How, Y. Kuwata, E. King, Flight demonstrations of cooperative control for UAV teams, in AIAA 3rd “Unmanned Unlimited” Technical Conference, Workshop and Exhibit (2004), p. 6490
S.-M. Hung, S.N. Givigi, A q-learning approach to flocking with UAVS in a stochastic environment. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 47(1), 186–197 (2017)
R.R. McCune, G.R. Madey, Control of artificial swarms with DDDAS. Proc. Comput. Sci. 29, 1171–1181 (2014)
W. Ren, R.W. Beard, E.M. Atkins, Information consensus in multivehicle cooperative control. IEEE Control Syst. 27(2), 71–82 (2007)
B.D. Anderson, C. Yu, J.M. Hendrickx, et al., Rigid graph control architectures for autonomous formations. IEEE Control Syst. 28(6), 48–63 (2008)
Q. Wang, H. Gao, F. Alsaadi, T. Hayat, An overview of consensus problems in constrained multi-agent coordination. Syst. Sci. Control Eng. Open Access J. 2(1), 275–284 (2014)
K.-K. Oh, M.-C. Park, H.-S. Ahn, A survey of multi-agent formation control. Automatica 53, 424–440 (2015)
B. Zhu, L. Xie, D. Han, X. Meng, R. Teo, A survey on recent progress in control of swarm systems. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 60(7), 070201 (2017)
M. Senanayake, I. Senthooran, J.C. Barca, H. Chung, J. Kamruzzaman, M. Murshed, Search and tracking algorithms for swarms of robots: a survey. Robot. Auton. Syst. 75, 422–434 (2016)
M.A. Goodrich, J.L. Cooper, J.A. Adams, C. Humphrey, R. Zeeman, B.G. Buss, Using a mini-UAV to support wilderness search and rescue: practices for human-robot teaming, in IEEE International Workshop on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics, 2007. SSRR 2007 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2007), pp. 1–6
J.Q. Cui, S.K. Phang, K.Z. Ang, F. Wang, X. Dong, Y. Ke, S. Lai, K. Li, X. Li, F. Lin, et al., Drones for cooperative search and rescue in post-disaster situation, in IEEE 7th International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS) and IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM), 2015 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2015), pp. 167–174
N. Nigam, I. Kroo, Control and design of multiple unmanned air vehicles for a persistent surveillance task, in 12th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference (2008), p. 5913
N. Nigam, S. Bieniawski, I. Kroo, J. Vian, Control of multiple UAVS for persistent surveillance: algorithm and flight test results. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 20(5), 1236–1251 (2012)
A. Ahmadzadeh, A. Jadbabaie, V. Kumar, G.J. Pappas, Multi-UAV cooperative surveillance with spatio-temporal specifications, in 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2006 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2006), pp. 5293–5298
J.W. Fenwick, P.M. Newman, J.J. Leonard, Cooperative concurrent mapping and localization, in IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2002. Proceedings. ICRA’02, vol. 2 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2002), pp. 1810–1817
F. Remondino, L. Barazzetti, F. Nex, M. Scaioni, D. Sarazzi, UAV photogrammetry for mapping and 3d modeling–current status and future perspectives. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 38(1), C22 (2011)
Y. Lin, J. Hyyppa, A. Jaakkola, Mini-UAV-borne LIDAR for fine-scale mapping. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 8(3), 426–430 (2011)
L. Zongjian, UAV for mapping low altitude photogrammetric survey, in International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Beijing, China, vol. 37 (2008), pp. 1183–1186
M.J. Mears, Cooperative electronic attack using unmanned air vehicles, in Proceedings of the 2005 American Control Conference, 2005 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2005), pp. 3339–3347
Z. Junwei, Z. Jianjun, Target distributing of multi-UAVs cooperate attack and defend based on DPSO algorithm, in Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC), 2014, vol. 2 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2014), pp. 396–400
D.A. Paley, F. Zhang, N.E. Leonard, Cooperative control for ocean sampling: the glider coordinated control system. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 16(4), 735–744 (2008)
J. Scherer, S. Yahyanejad, S. Hayat, E. Yanmaz, T. Andre, A. Khan, V. Vukadinovic, C. Bettstetter, H. Hellwagner, B. Rinner, An autonomous multi-UAV system for search and rescue, in Proceedings of the First Workshop on Micro Aerial Vehicle Networks, Systems, and Applications for Civilian Use (ACM, New York, 2015), pp. 33–38
S. Waharte, N. Trigoni, Supporting search and rescue operations with UAVS, in International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (EST), 2010 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2010), pp. 142–147
A. Viguria, I. Maza, A. Ollero, Distributed service-based cooperation in aerial/ground robot teams applied to fire detection and extinguishing missions. Adv. Robot. 24(1–2), 1–23 (2010)
I. Maza, F. Caballero, J. Capitan, J. Martinez-de Dios, A. Ollero, Firemen monitoring with multiple UAVs for search and rescue missions, in IEEE International Workshop on Safety Security and Rescue Robotics (SSRR), 2010 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2010), pp. 1–6
R.W. Beard, T.W. McLain, D.B. Nelson, D. Kingston, D. Johanson, Decentralized cooperative aerial surveillance using fixed-wing miniature UAVS. Proc. IEEE 94(7), 1306–1324 (2006)
N. Nigam, I. Kroo, Persistent surveillance using multiple unmanned air vehicles, in IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2008 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2008), pp. 1–14
D.A. Paley, C. Peterson, Stabilization of collective motion in a time-invariant flowfield. J. Guid. Control. Dyn. 32(3), 771–779 (2009)
A.H. Goktogan, E. Nettleton, M. Ridley, S. Sukkarieh, Real time multi-UAV simulator, in IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2003 Proceedings. ICRA’03, vol. 2 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2003), pp. 2720–2726
S.B. Williams, G. Dissanayake, H. Durrant-Whyte, Towards multi-vehicle simultaneous localisation and mapping, in IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2002. Proceedings. ICRA’02, vol. 3 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2002), pp. 2743–2748
M. Bryson, S. Sukkarieh, Co-operative localisation and mapping for multiple UAVs in unknown environments, in IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2007 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2007), pp. 1–12
J. Han, Y. Xu, L. Di, Y. Chen, Low-cost multi-UAV technologies for contour mapping of nuclear radiation field. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 70, 401–410 (2013)
M.A. Kovacina, D. Palmer, G. Yang, R. Vaidyanathan, Multi-agent control algorithms for chemical cloud detection and mapping using unmanned air vehicles, in IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 2782–2788 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2002)
I.-S. Jeon, J.-I. Lee, M.-J. Tahk, Homing guidance law for cooperative attack of multiple missiles. J. Guid. Control. Dyn. 33(1), 275–280 (2010)
M. Sadeghi, A. Abaspour, S.H. Sadati, A novel integrated guidance and control system design in formation flight. J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag. 7(4), 432–442 (2015)
E. Lavretsky, F/a-18 autonomous formation flight control system design, in AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit (2002), p. 4757
L. Liu, D. McLernon, M. Ghogho, W. Hu, J. Huang, Ballistic missile detection via micro-Doppler frequency estimation from radar return. Digital Signal Process. 22(1), 87–95 (2012)
M.L. Stone, G.P. Banner, Radars for the detection and tracking of ballistic missiles, satellites, and planets. Lincoln Lab. J. 12(2), 217–244 (2000)
C. Schwartz, T. Bryant, J. Cosgrove, G. Morse, J. Noonan, A radar for unmanned air vehicles. Lincoln Lab. J. 3(1), 119–143 (1990)
Y. Wang, S. Dong, L. Ou, L. Liu, Cooperative control of multi-missile systems. IET Control Theory Appl. 9(3), 441–446 (2014)
A. Ahmadzadeh, G. Buchman, P. Cheng, A. Jadbabaie, J. Keller, V. Kumar, G. Pappas, Cooperative control of UAVS for search and coverage, in Proceedings of the AUVSI Conference on Unmanned Systems, vol. 2 (2006)
R.M. Murray, Recent research in cooperative control of multivehicle systems. J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control. 129(5), 571–583 (2007)
J. Kim, J.P. Hespanha, Cooperative radar jamming for groups of unmanned air vehicles, in 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2004. CDC, vol. 1 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2004), pp. 632–637
J.-I. Lee, I.-S. Jeon, M.-J. Tahk, Guidance law using augmented trajectory-reshaping command for salvo attack of multiple missiles, in UKACC International Control Conference (2006), pp. 766–771
I.-S. Jeon, J.-I. Lee, M.-J. Tahk, Impact-time-control guidance law for anti-ship missiles. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 14(2), 260–266 (2006)
L. Gupta, R. Jain, G. Vaszkun, Survey of important issues in UAV communication networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 18(2), 1123–1152 (2016)
A. Ryan, M. Zennaro, A. Howell, R. Sengupta, J.K. Hedrick, An overview of emerging results in cooperative UAV control, in 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2004. CDC, vol. 1 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2004), pp. 602–607
H. Oh, A.R. Shirazi, C. Sun, Y. Jin, Bio-inspired self-organising multi-robot pattern formation: a review. Robot. Auton. Syst. 91, 83–100 (2017)
F.L. Lewis, H. Zhang, K. Hengster-Movric, A. Das, Cooperative Control of Multi-Agent Systems: Optimal and Adaptive Design Approaches (Springer, Berlin, 2013)
S. Martini, D. Di Baccio, F.A. Romero, A.V. Jiménez, L. Pallottino, G. Dini, A. Ollero, Distributed motion misbehavior detection in teams of heterogeneous aerial robots. Robot. Auton. Syst. 74, 30–39 (2015)
B. Khaldi, F. Harrou, F. Cherif, Y. Sun, Monitoring a robot swarm using a data-driven fault detection approach. Robot. Auton. Syst. 97, 193–203 (2017)
A. Abbaspour, M. Sanchez, A. Sargolzaei, K. Yen, N. Sornkhampan, Adaptive neural network based fault detection design for unmanned quadrotor under faults and cyber attacks, in 25th International Conference on Systems Engineering (ICSEng) (2017)
A. Abbaspour, K.K. Yen, S. Noei, A. Sargolzaei, Detection of fault data injection attack on UAV using adaptive neural network. Proc. Comput. Sci. 95, 193–200 (2016)
A. Sargolzaei, K.K. Yen, M.N. Abdelghani, Preventing time-delay switch attack on load frequency control in distributed power systems. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 7(2), 1176–1185 (2015)
A. Sargolzaei, K. Yen, M.N. Abdelghani, Delayed inputs attack on load frequency control in smart grid, in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2014 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2014), pp. 1–5
A. Sargolzaei, K.K. Yen, M.N. Abdelghani, S. Sargolzaei, B. Carbunar, Resilient design of networked control systems under time delay switch attacks, application in smart grid. IEEE Access 5, 15,901–15,912 (2017)
A. Sargolzaei, A. Abbaspour, M.A. Al Faruque, A.S. Eddin, K. Yen, Security challenges of networked control systems, in Sustainable Interdependent Networks (Springer, Berlin, 2018), pp. 77–95
F. Giulietti, M. Innocenti, M. Napolitano, L. Pollini, Dynamic and control issues of formation flight. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 9(1), 65–71 (2005)
R.L. Pereira, K.H. Kienitz, Tight formation flight control based on h approach, in 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), 2016 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2016), pp. 268–274
R.J. Ray, B.R. Cobleigh, M.J. Vachon, C. St. John, Flight test techniques used to evaluate performance benefits during formation flight, in NASA Conference Publication, NASA (1998, 2002)
J. Pahle, D. Berger, M.W. Venti, J.J. Faber, C. Duggan, K. Cardinal, A preliminary flight investigation of formation flight for drag reduction on the c-17 aircraft (2012)
A. Abbaspour, K.K. Yen, P. Forouzannezhad, A. Sargolzaei, A neural adaptive approach for active fault-tolerant control design in UAV. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. Hum. 99, 1–11 (2018)
A. Abbaspour, P. Aboutalebi, K.K. Yen, A. Sargolzaei, Neural adaptive observer-based sensor and actuator fault detection in nonlinear systems: application in UAV. ISA Trans. 67, 317–329 (2017)
V. Borkar, P. Varaiya, Asymptotic agreement in distributed estimation. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 27(3), 650–655 (1982)
J. Tsitsiklis, D. Bertsekas, M. Athans, Distributed asynchronous deterministic and stochastic gradient optimization algorithms. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 31(9), 803–812 (1986)
A. Jadbabaie, J. Lin, A.S. Morse, Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 48(6), 988–1001 (2003)
R. Olfati-Saber, R.M. Murray, Consensus problems in networks of agents with switching topology and time-delays. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 49(9), 1520–1533 (2004)
T. Vicsek, A. Czirók, E. Ben-Jacob, I. Cohen, O. Shochet, Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75(6), 1226 (1995)
G. Xie, L. Wang, Consensus control for a class of networks of dynamic agents. Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 17(10–11), 941–959 (2007)
F. Xiao, L. Wang, Asynchronous consensus in continuous-time multi-agent systems with switching topology and time-varying delays. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 53(8), 1804–1816 (2008)
X. Chen, F. Hao, Event-triggered average consensus control for discrete-time multi-agent systems. IET Control Theory Appl. 6(16), 2493–2498 (2012)
H. Zhang, H. Jiang, Y. Luo, G. Xiao, Data-driven optimal consensus control for discrete-time multi-agent systems with unknown dynamics using reinforcement learning method. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr. 64(5), 4091–4100 (2017)
D. Ding, Z. Wang, B. Shen, G. Wei, Event-triggered consensus control for discrete-time stochastic multi-agent systems: the input-to-state stability in probability. Automatica 62, 284–291 (2015)
J. Jin, N. Gans, Collision-free formation and heading consensus of nonholonomic robots as a pose regulation problem. Robot. Auton. Syst. 95, 25–36 (2017)
M. Jamshidi, A.J. Betancourt, J. Gomez, Cyber-physical control of unmanned aerial vehicles. Sci. Iran. 18(3), 663–668 (2011)
H. Rezaee, F. Abdollahi, Average consensus over high-order multiagent systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 60(11), 3047–3052 (2015)
W. Li, Unified generic geometric-decompositions for consensus or flocking systems of cooperative agents and fast recalculations of decomposed subsystems under topology-adjustments. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 46(6), 1463–1470 (2016)
H. Liang, H. Zhang, Z. Wang, Distributed-observer-based cooperative control for synchronization of linear discrete-time multi-agent systems. ISA Trans. 59, 72–78 (2015)
Y. Xia, X. Na, Z. Sun, J. Chen, Formation control and collision avoidance for multi-agent systems based on position estimation. ISA Trans. 61, 287–296 (2016)
T. Han, Z.-H. Guan, M. Chi, B. Hu, T. Li, X.-H. Zhang, Multi-formation control of nonlinear leader-following multi-agent systems. ISA Trans. 69, 140–147 (2017)
G.-S. Han, Z.-H. Guan, X.-M. Cheng, Y. Wu, F. Liu, Multiconsensus of second order multiagent systems with directed topologies. Int. J. Control, Autom. Syst. 11(6), 1122–1127 (2013)
S. Shoja, M. Baradarannia, F. Hashemzadeh, M. Badamchizadeh, P. Bagheri, Surrounding control of nonlinear multi-agent systems with non-identical agents. ISA Trans. 70, 219 (2017)
H. Hou, Q. Zhang, Finite-time synchronization for second-order nonlinear multi-agent system via pinning exponent sliding mode control. ISA Trans. 65, 96–108 (2016)
M. Taheri, F. Sheikholeslam, M. Najafi, M. Zekri, Adaptive fuzzy wavelet network control of second order multi-agent systems with unknown nonlinear dynamics. ISA Trans. 69, 89–101 (2017)
H. Zhang, F.L. Lewis, Adaptive cooperative tracking control of higher-order nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics. Automatica 48(7), 1432–1439 (2012)
S. El-Ferik, A. Qureshi, F.L. Lewis, Neuro-adaptive cooperative tracking control of unknown higher-order affine nonlinear systems. Automatica 50(3), 798–808 (2014)
Z. Gallehdari, N. Meskin, K. Khorasani, A distributed control reconfiguration and accommodation for consensus achievement of multiagent systems subject to actuator faults. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 24(6), 2031–2047 (2016)
Z. Gallehdari, N. Meskin, K. Khorasani, Distributed reconfigurable control strategies for switching topology networked multi-agent systems. ISA Trans. 71, 51–67 (2017)
Y. Hua, X. Dong, Q. Li, Z. Ren, Distributed fault-tolerant time-varying formation control for high-order linear multi-agent systems with actuator failures. ISA Trans. 71, 40–50 (2017)
R. Wang, X. Dong, Q. Li, Z. Ren, Distributed adaptive formation control for linear swarm systems with time-varying formation and switching topologies. IEEE Access 4, 8995–9004 (2016)
W. Wang, C. Wen, J. Huang, Distributed adaptive asymptotically consensus tracking control of nonlinear multi-agent systems with unknown parameters and uncertain disturbances. Automatica 77, 133–142 (2017)
C.W. Reynolds, Flocks, herds and schools: a distributed behavioral model. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 21(4), 25–34 (1987)
N. Moshtagh, A. Jadbabaie, Distributed geodesic control laws for flocking of nonholonomic agents. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 52(4), 681–686 (2007)
R. Olfati-Saber, Flocking for multi-agent dynamic systems: algorithms and theory. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 51(3), 401–420 (2006)
O. Saif, I. Fantoni, A. Zavala-Rio, Flocking of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles by LQR control, in International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), 2014 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2014), pp. 222–228
S.H. Semnani, O.A. Basir, Semi-flocking algorithm for motion control of mobile sensors in large-scale surveillance systems. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 45(1), 129–137 (2015)
A. Chapman, M. Mesbahi, UAV flocking with wind gusts: adaptive topology and model reduction, in American Control Conference (ACC), 2011 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2011), pp. 1045–1050
H.G. Tanner, A. Jadbabaie, G.J. Pappas, Flocking in fixed and switching networks. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 52(5), 863–868 (2007)
S.A. Quintero, G.E. Collins, J.P. Hespanha, Flocking with fixed-wing UAVS for distributed sensing: a stochastic optimal control approach, in American Control Conference (ACC), 2013 (IEEE, Piscataway, 2013), pp. 2025–2031
S. Martin, A. Girard, A. Fazeli, A. Jadbabaie, Multiagent flocking under general communication rule. IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst. 1(2), 155–166 (2014)
W. Naeem, R. Sutton, S. Ahmad, R. Burns, A review of guidance laws applicable to unmanned underwater vehicles. J. Navig. 56(1), 15–29 (2003)
C.-F. Lin, Modern Navigation, Guidance, and Control Processing, vol. 2 (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1991)
N.A. Shneydor, Missile Guidance and Pursuit: Kinematics, Dynamics and Control (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998)
T. Yamasaki, K. Enomoto, H. Takano, Y. Baba, S. Balakrishnan, Advanced pure pursuit guidance via sliding mode approach for chase UAV, in Proceedings of AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, AIAA, vol. 6298 (2009), p. 2009
Y. Gu, B. Seanor, G. Campa, M.R. Napolitano, L. Rowe, S. Gururajan, S. Wan, Design and flight testing evaluation of formation control laws. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 14(6), 1105–1112 (2006)
S. Zhu, D. Wang, C.B. Low, Cooperative control of multiple UAVS for moving source seeking. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 74(1–2), 333–346 (2014)
S.U. Ali, R. Samar, M.Z. Shah, A.I. Bhatti, K. Munawar, U.M. Al-Sggaf, Lateral guidance and control of UAVs using second-order sliding modes. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 49, 88–100 (2016)
X. Wang, V. Yadav, S. Balakrishnan, Cooperative UAV formation flying with obstacle/collision avoidance. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 15(4), 672–679 (2007)
E. Børhaug, A. Pavlov, E. Panteley, K.Y. Pettersen, Straight line path following for formations of underactuated marine surface vessels. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 19(3), 493–506 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Kang Yen for his guidance, contribution, and effort toward this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sargolzaei, A., Abbaspour, A., Crane, C.D. (2020). Control of Cooperative Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Review of Applications, Challenges, and Algorithms. In: Amini, M. (eds) Optimization, Learning, and Control for Interdependent Complex Networks. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1123. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34094-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34094-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34093-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-34094-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)