Abstract
Swift electrons can undergo inelastic interactions with single electrons as well as collective electron excitations within the sample, such as plasmon and phonon polaritons , as a result of which they lose energy (Garcia de Abajo in Rev. Mod. Phys. 82:209–275, 2010 [1]). Within the classical formalism, EEL spectra are theoretically rationalized by a simple but intuitive interpretation that has a direct correspondence with first principles, demanding that all inelastic signals are collected (Ritchie and Howie, in Philos. Mag. A 58:753–767, 1988 [2].
Portions of the text of this chapter have been re-published with permission from [3], Copyright 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
F.J.G. de Abajo, Optical excitations in electron microscopy (in English). Rev. Mod. Phys. 82(1), 209–275 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.82.209
R.H. Ritchie, A. Howie, Inelastic-scattering probabilities in scanning-transmission electron-microscopy (in English). Philos. Mag. A 58(5), 753–767 (1988). [Online]. Available: < Go to ISI > ://WOS:A1988Q932100005
N. Talebi, Interaction of electron beams with optical nanostructures and metamaterials: from coherent photon sources towards shaping the wave function. J. Opt. UK 19(10), 103001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aa8041
F.J.G. de Abajo, M. Kociak, Probing the photonic local density of states with electron energy loss spectroscopy (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(10), 106804 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.106804
B. Ögüt, N. Talebi, R. Vogelgesang, W. Sigle, P.A. van Aken, Toroidal Plasmonic Eigenmodes in Oligomer Nanocavities for the visible. Nano Lett. 12(10), 5239–5244 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302418n
F.P. Schmidt, H. Ditlbacher, U. Hohenester, A. Hohenau, F. Hofer, J.R. Krenn, Universal dispersion of surface plasmons in flat nanostructures (in English). Nat. Commun. 5, 3604 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4604
S.J. Barrow, D. Rossouw, A.M. Funston, G.A. Botton, P. Mulvaney, Mapping bright and dark modes in gold nanoparticle chains using electron energy loss spectroscopy (in English). Nano Lett. 14(7), 3799–3808 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5009053
F.P. Schmidt, H. Ditlbacher, U. Hohenester, A. Hohenau, F. Hofer, J.R. Krenn, Dark plasmonic breathing modes in silver nanodisks (in English). Nano Lett. 12(11), 5780–5783 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3030938
J. Nelayah et al., Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle (in English). Nat. Phys. 3(5), 348–353 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys575
D. DeJarnette, D.K. Roper, Electron energy loss spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles on graphene (in English). J. Appl. Phys. 116(5), 054313 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4892620
O. Nicoletti, M. Wubs, N.A. Mortensen, W. Sigle, P.A. van Aken, P.A. Midgley, Surface plasmon modes of a single silver nanorod: an electron energy loss study (in English). Opt. Express 19(16), 15371–15379 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/Oe.19.015371
G. Boudarham, M. Kociak, Modal decompositions of the local electromagnetic density of states and spatially resolved electron energy loss probability in terms of geometric modes (in English). Phys. Rev. B 85(24), 245447 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.85.245447
N. Talebi, B. Ögüt, W. Sigle, R. Vogelgesang, P.A. van Aken, On the symmetry and topology of plasmonic eigenmodes in heptamer and hexamer nanocavities. Appl. Phys. A 116(3), 947–954 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8532-y
B. Ogut, R. Vogelgesang, W. Sigle, N. Talebi, C.T. Koch, P.A. van Aken, Hybridized metal slit eigenmodes as an illustration of Babinet’s principle (in English). ACS Nano 5(8), 6701–6706 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2022414
R. Walther et al., Coupling of surface-plasmon-polariton-hybridized cavity modes between submicron slits in a thin gold film (in English). Acs Photonics 3(5), 836–843 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00045
A. Salomon, Y. Prior, M. Fedoruk, J. Feldmann, R. Kolkowski, J. Zyss, Plasmonic coupling between metallic nanocavities (in English). J. Opt. UK 16(11), 114012 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/16/11/114012
L. Gu et al., Resonant wedge-plasmon modes in single-crystalline gold nanoplatelets (in English). Phys. Rev. B 83(19), 195433 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.83.195433
X.B. Xu et al., Tunable nanoscale confinement of energy and resonant edge effect in triangular gold nanoprisms (in English). J. Phys. Chem. C 117(34), 17748–17756 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp4051929
E.P. Bellido, A. Manjavacas, Y. Zhang, Y. Cao, P. Nordlander, G.A. Botton, Electron energy-loss spectroscopy of multipolar edge and cavity modes in silver nanosquares (in English). Acs Photonics 3(3), 428–433 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00594
N. Yamamoto, F.J.G. de Abajo, V. Myroshnychenko, Interference of surface plasmons and Smith-Purcell emission probed by angle-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (in English). Phys. Rev. B 91(12), 125144 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.91.125144
N. Talebi et al., Excitation of mesoscopic plasmonic tapers by relativistic electrons: phase matching versus eigenmode resonances (in English). ACS Nano 9(7), 7641–7648 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03024
S.R. Guo et al., Reflection and phase matching in plasmonic gold tapers (in English). Nano Lett. 16(10), 6137–6144 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02353
T. Coenen, S.V. den Hoedt, A. Polman, A new cathodoluminescence system for nanoscale optics, materials science, and geology. Microsc. Today 24(3), 12–19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929516000377
D.R. Glenn et al., Correlative light and electron microscopy using cathodoluminescence from nanoparticles with distinguishable colours (in English). Sci. Rep. 2, 865 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00865
M. Kociak et al., Seeing and measuring in colours: electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics (in English). C. R. Phys. 15(2–3), 158–175 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2013.10.003
F.J.G. de Abajo et al., Plasmonic and new plasmonic materials: general discussion (in English). Faraday Discuss. 178, 123–149 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fd90022k
B. Barwick, D. J. Flannigan, A. H. Zewail (2009) Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy. Nature 462, 902. 12/17/online 2009, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08662; https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08662#supplementary-information
B. Barwick, A.H. Zewail, Photonics and plasmonics in 4D ultrafast electron microscopy (in English). Acs Photonics 2(10), 1391–1402 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00427
S.T. Park, M.M. Lin, A.H. Zewail, Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM): theoretical and experimental (in English). New J. Phys. 12, 123028 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/12/123028
Y.M. Liu, X. Zhang, Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology (in English). Chem. Soc. Rev. 40(5), 2494–2507 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00184h
N. Engheta, R.W. Ziolkowski, A positive future for double-negative metamaterials (in English). IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. 53(4), 1535–1556 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/Tmtt.2005.845188
P. L. Kapitza, P. A. M. Dirac, The reflection of electrons from standing light waves (in English). Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 29, 297–300 (1993) [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>: //WOS:000200163900030
H. Batelaan, Colloquium: Illuminating the Kapitza-Dirac effect with electron matter optics (in English). Rev. Mod. Phys. 79(3), 929–941 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.79.929
S.J. Wu, Y.J. Wang, Q. Diot, M. Prentiss, Splitting matter waves using an optimized standing-wave light-pulse sequence (in English). Phys. Rev. A 71(4), 043602 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.71.043602
E.M. Rasel, M.K. Oberthaler, H. Batelaan, J. Schmiedmayer, A. Zeilinger, Atom wave interferometry with diffraction gratings of light (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 75(14), 2633–2637 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.2633
A.G. Hayrapetyan, K.K. Grigoryan, J.B. Gotte, R.G. Petrosyan, Kapitza-Dirac effect with traveling waves (in English). New J. Phys. 17, 082002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/8/082002
D.L. Freimund, K. Aflatooni, H. Batelaan, Observation of the Kapitza-Dirac effect (in English). Nature 413(6852), 142–143 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35093065
A. Friedman, A. Gover, G. Kurizki, S. Ruschin, A. Yariv, Spontaneous and stimulated-emission from quasifree electrons (in English). Rev. Mod. Phys. 60(2), 471–535 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.60.471
A. Gover, P. Sprangle, A unified theory of magnetic Bremsstrahlung, electrostatic Bremsstrahlung, Compton-Raman Scattering, and Cerenkov-Smith-Purcell free-electron lasers (in English). IEEE J. Quantum Electron 17(7), 1196–1215 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1109/Jqe.1981.1071257
P. Bucksbaum, T. Moller, K. Ueda, Frontiers of free-electron laser science (in English). J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. 46(16), 160201 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/46/16/160201
R. Falcone, M. Dunne, H. Chapman, M. Yabashi, K. Ueda, Frontiers of free-electron laser science II (in English). J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. 49(18), 180201 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/49/18/180201
Z. R. Huang, K. J. Kim, Review of x-ray free-electron laser theory (in English). Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Ac. 10(3), 034801 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevstab.10.034801
B.W.J. McNeil, N.R. Thompson, X-ray free-electron lasers (in English). Nat. Photonics 4(12), 814–821 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.239
D.B. Melrose, K.G. Ronnmark, R.G. Hewitt, Terrestrial kilometric radiation—the cyclotron theory (in English). J. Geophys. Res. Space 87(Na7), 5140–5150 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1029/Ja087ia07p05140
D.M. Asner et al., Single-electron detection and spectroscopy via relativistic cyclotron radiation (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(16), 162501 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.114.162501
V. L. Ginzburg, Radiation of uniformly moving sources (Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, transition radiation, and other phenomena) (in Russian). Usp Fiz Nauk+ 166(10), 1033–1042 (1996). [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VV43300001
R. Garciamolina, A. Grasmarti, A. Howie, R.H. Ritchie, Retardation effects in the interaction of charged-particle beams with bounded condensed media (in English). J. Phys. C Solid State 18(27), 5335–5345 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/18/27/019
E. Kröger, Calculations of the energy losses of fast electrons in thin foils with retardation. Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Journal Article 216(2), 115–135 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01390952
P. A. Cherenkov, The spectrum of visible radiation produced by fast electrons (in English). C. R. Acad. Sci. Urss 20, 651–655 (1938). [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000201891900170
P. A. Cherenkov, Absolute output of radiation caused by electrons moving within a medium with super-light velocity (in English). C. R. Acad. Sci. Urss 21, 116–121 (1938). [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000201892000033
P. A. Cherenkov, Spatial distribution of visible radiation produced by fast electrons (in English). C. R. Acad. Sci. Urss 21, 319–321 (1938). [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000201892000086
I. Frank, I. Tamm, Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter (in English). C. R. Acad. Sci. Urss 14, 109–114 (1937). [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000201973400025
W. Li, C.-X. Yu, S.-B. Liu, Quantum theory of Cherenkov radiation in an anisotropic absorbing media, vol. 7501, pp. 750108 (2009). [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.847455
I. Kaminer et al., Quantum Čerenkov radiation: spectral cutoffs and the role of spin and orbital angular momentum. Phys. Rev. X 6(1), 011006 (2016). [Online]. Available: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.6.011006
R. Matloob, A. Ghaffari, Cerenkov radiation in a causal permeable medium (in English). Phys. Rev. A 70(5), 052116 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.70.052116
S.G. Chefranov, Relativistic generalization of the Landau criterion as a new foundation of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation theory (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(25), 254801 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.93.254801
K. Tanha, A.M. Pashazadeh, B.W. Pogue, Review of biomedical Cerenkov luminescence imaging applications (in English). Biomed. Opt. Express 6(8), 3053–3065 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/Boe.6.003053
M. Buchanan, Thesis: Minkowski, Abraham and the photon momentum. Nat. Phys. 3(2), 73–73 02//print 2007. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys519
C. V. Festenberg, Energy loss measurements on III–V compounds. Zeitschrift für Physik, journal article 227(5), 453–481 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01394892
C.H. Chen, J. Silcox, R. Vincent, Electron-energy losses in silicon—bulk and surface Plasmons and Cerenkov Radiation (in English). Phys. Rev. B 12(1), 64–71 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1103/Physrevb.12.64
M. Stoger-Pollach et al., Cerenkov losses: a limit for bandgap determination and Kramers-Kronig analysis (in English). Micron 37(5), 396–402 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2006.01.001
N. Talebi, Optical modes in slab waveguides with magnetoelectric effect (in English). J. Opt. UK 18(5), 055607 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/5/055607
P. Schattschneider, Fundamentals of Inelastic Electron Scattering (Springer-Verlag, Wien, Austria, 1986)
P. Li et al., Hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in boron nitride for near-field optical imaging and focusing. Nat. Commun. 6, 7507 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8507; https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8507#supplementary-information
V. Ginsburg, I. Frank, Radiation of a uniformly moving electron due to its transition from one medium into another (in Russian). Zh Eksp Teor Fiz+ 16(1), 15–28 (1946). [Online]. Available: <Go to ISI>://WOS:A1946YB70900002
V.L. Ginzburg, Transition radiation and transition scattering (in English). Phys. Scripta T2, 182–191 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1982/T2a/024
V.L. Ginzburg, V.N. Tsytovich, Several problems of the theory of transition radiation and transition scattering (in English). Phys. Rep. 49(1), 1–89 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(79)90052-8
F.J.G. de Abajo, A. Rivacoba, N. Zabala, N. Yamamoto, Boundary effects in Cherenkov radiation (in English). Phys. Rev. B 69(15), 155420 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.69.155420
A. Losquin, M. Kociak, Link between cathodoluminescence and electron energy loss spectroscopy and the radiative and full electromagnetic local density of states (in English). Acs Photonics 2(11), 1619–1627 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00416
R.F. Egerton, Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM (in English). Rep. Prog Phys. 72(1), 016502 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/72/1/016502
L. Wartski, S. Roland, J. Lasalle, M. Bolore, G. Filippi, Interference phenomenon in optical transition radiation and its application to particle beam diagnostics and multiple-scattering measurements (in English). J. Appl. Phys. 46(8), 3644–3653 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.322092
R. Vincent, J. Silcox, Dispersion of radiative surface plasmons in aluminum films by electron-scattering (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 31(25), 1487–1490 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.1487
N. Talebi, C. Ozsoy-Keskinbora, H.M. Benia, K. Kern, C.T. Koch, P.A. van Aken, Wedge Dyakonov waves and Dyakonov plasmons in topological insulator Bi2Se3 probed by electron beams. ACS Nano 10(7), 6988–6994 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b02968
C.L. Cortes, W. Newman, S. Molesky, Z. Jacob, Quantum nanophotonics using hyperbolic metamaterials (in English). J. Opt. UK 14(6), 063001 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/14/6/063001
L. Schachter, A. Ron, Smith-Purcell free-electron laser (in English). Phys. Rev. A 40(2), 876–896 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.40.876
M.H. Wang, X.G. Xiao, J.Y. Chen, Y.Y. Wei, Study on a novel Smith-Purcell free-electron laser (in English). Phys. Lett. A 345(4–6), 423–427 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.07.020
A.A. Govyadinov et al., Probing low-energy hyperbolic polaritons in van der Waals crystals with an electron microscope (in English). Nat. Commun. 8, 95 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00056-y
B. J. M. Brenny, A. Polman, F. J. García de Abajo, Femtosecond plasmon and photon wave packets excited by a high-energy electron on a metal or dielectric surface. Phys. Rev. B 94(15), 155412 (2016). [Online]. Available: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.155412
L. Novotny, Strong coupling, energy splitting, and level crossings: a classical perspective (in English). Am. J. Phys. 78(11), 1199–1202 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.3471177
S.R.K. Rodriguez, Classical and quantum distinctions between weak and strong coupling (in English). Eur. J. Phys. 37(2), 025802 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/37/2/025802
S.J. Smith, E.M. Purcell, Visible light from localized surface charges moving across a grating (in English). Phys. Rev. 92(4), 1069–1069 (1953). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.92.1069
P. Goldsmith, J.V. Jelley, Optical transition radiation from protons entering metal surfaces (in English). Philos. Mag. 4(43), 836–844 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435908238241
J.M. Wachtel, Free-electron lasers using the Smith-Purcell Effect (in English). J. Appl. Phys. 50(1), 49–56 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.325642
R.P. Leavitt, D.E. Wortman, C.A. Morrison, Orotron—free-electron laser using the Smith-Purcell Effect (in English). Appl. Phys. Lett. 35(5), 363–365 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.91151
J. Urata, M. Goldstein, M.F. Kimmitt, A. Naumov, C. Platt, J.E. Walsh, Superradiant Smith-Purcell emission (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(3), 516–519 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.516
G. Adamo et al., Light well: a tunable free-electron light source on a chip (in English). Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(11), 113901 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.103.113901
F.J.G. de Abajo, Smith-Purcell radiation emission in aligned nanoparticles (in English). Phys. Rev. E 61(5), 5743–5752 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.61.5743
N. Talebi, A directional, ultrafast and integrated few-photon source utilizing the interaction of electron beams and plasmonic nanoantennas. New J. Phys. 16(5), 053021 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/5/053021
A. Gover, Y. Pan, Stimulated radiation interaction of a single electron quantum wavepacket. ArXiv e-prints 1702. [Online]. Available: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170206394G
H.L. Andrews, C.H. Boulware, C.A. Brau, J.D. Jarvis, Superradiant emission of Smith-Purcell radiation (in English). Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Ac. 8(11), 110702 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevstab.8.110702
R.H. Dicke, Coherence in spontaneous radiation processes (in English). Phys. Rev. 93(1), 99–110 (1954). https://doi.org/10.1103/Physrev.93.99
R.M. Phillips, History of the Ubitron (in English). Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 272(1–2), 1–9 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90185-4
J.M.J. Madey, Stimulated emission of bremsstrahlung in a periodic magnetic field (in English). J. Appl. Phys. 42(5), 1906–1913 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1660466
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Talebi, N. (2019). Electron-Light Interactions. In: Near-Field-Mediated Photon–Electron Interactions. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 228. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33816-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33816-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33815-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33816-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)