Abstract
The chapter covers the main design problems related to the layout and sizing of the environment, products and equipment, and the organization of the physical tasks required of operators and/or users, concerning the definition and compliance and, at the same time, the identification of the risks that can arise from the partial or total incompatibility between the characteristics and physical abilities of the users and the constraints imposed by the physical context and organization in which they operate.
This chapter was co-authored by Francesca Tosi (Sects. 15.1, 15.2 and 15.6) and Mattia Pistolesi (Sects. 15.3, 15.4 and 15.5).
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Notes
- 1.
In this chapter, as in the rest of the volume, they are used for brevity:
• the term “product” in its literal meaning of “result of human activity” and, in the case of industrial products, the result of a design and production process, aimed at responding to a specific need. Products are therefore the physical environments, the objects of use, the services, be they physical or virtual. This meaning also extends to the equipment and machinery used in work activities;
• the term system defined as “any object of study that, despite being composed of different elements mutually interconnected and interacting with each other or with the external environment, reacts or evolves as a whole”. See Treccani Online Vocabulary, www.treccani.it/vocabolario (consulted in December 2017). See par. 1.1 and notes 3, 4 and 5, Chap. 1.
- 2.
- 3.
See Di Martino and Corlett (1999, p. 33).
- 4.
See Leplat (2000, p. 355).
- 5.
See Di Martino and Corlett (1999, p. 34).
- 6.
See UNI EN 614-2:2009, Safety of machinery. Ergonomic design principles. Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks, p. 9.
- 7.
See UNI EN 614-1:2009, Safety of machinery—Ergonomic design principles—Part 1: Terminology and general principles.
- 8.
The UNI EN ISO 10075-1/2003 standard, Ergonomic principles related to mental workload—Part 1: General issues and concepts, terms and definitions, defines terms in the field of mental workload, including mental stress and mental strain (solicitation).
Mental stress: The collection of external influences on a human being to the point of mentally conditioning it.
Strain (mental solicitation): The immediate (non-long-term) effect of mental stress on the individual who suffers from the typical and current preconditions, including the personal styles adopted to deal with it.
- 9.
See UNI EN ISO 14738/2009, Safety of machinery—Anthropometric requirements for the design of workstation at machinery.
- 10.
See Di Martino and Corlett (1999).
- 11.
See UNI EN 614-1/2009, Safety of machinery—Ergonomic design principles—Part 1: Terminology and general principles.
- 12.
See UNI EN ISO 14738/2009, Safety of machinery—Anthropometric Requirements For The Design Of Workstations At Machinery.
- 13.
See Kroemer (2017, pp. 326–327).
- 14.
See UNI EN ISO 14738/2009 Safety of machinery—Anthropometric Requirements For The Design Of Workstations At Machinery.
- 15.
See Ministerial Decree 236/1989 “Technical requirements necessary to ensure the accessibility, adaptability and visitability of private buildings and subsidised and facilitated public residential buildings, for the purpose of overcoming and eliminating architectural barriers”.
- 16.
- 17.
“The strength of wrist flexion (when not assisted by the forearm) varies approximately from 90 N (105 N for men and 75 N for women) with a bend angle of 90° towards the torso, and approximately 45 N (50 N for men and 40 N for women) with an extension angle of 75° in the opposite direction to the body, with an increase of 10 N at an extension of 90°. The extension force remains fairly constant, with an average of approximately 55 N (65 N for men and 50 N for women) and an increase up to 67 N (75 N for men and 60 N for women) in correspondence with a 90° extension” (Adams 2006).
- 18.
See Chengalur et al. (2004, pp. 325–3).
- 19.
See Chengalur et al. (2004, pp. 110–112).
- 20.
See note 19.
- 21.
See note 19.
- 22.
See note 19.
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Tosi, F. (2020). Furniture, Work Stations, Hand Tools. In: Design for Ergonomics. Springer Series in Design and Innovation , vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33562-5_15
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