Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biobehavioral Factors Related to the Development and Course of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Impairment in Adults: The Critical Role of Weight, Diet, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Behaviors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Diabetes

  • 1002 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to review several individual-level, and potentially modifiable, behavioral factors known to be involved in the etiology of cardiometabolic impairments and type 2 diabetes in the context of aging. There is widespread acknowledgement that the dual epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes are interrelated and that lifestyle behaviors associated with excess weight play an integral role in the development, course, and outcomes of the physiological disease process. The study of diet, eating habits, and physical activity within a social-ecological framework has been central to advancing the scientific understanding of obesity and type 2 diabetes for over 50 years. The role of other behavioral lifestyle factors such as sleep, smoking, alcohol use, and psychosocial stress is less well understood but highly relevant because of their biological associations with obesity and the regulation of glucose and insulin. Furthermore, examining the individual-level lifestyle behaviors and associated pathophysiology (i.e., “biobehavioral factors”) most frequently implicated in the development and course of obesity and type 2 diabetes is essential for improved chronic disease prevention and control. Therefore, this chapter has three primary aims. We will (1) review and discuss the biological impact of several key lifestyle behaviors that have been shown to be significant in weight self-regulation and discuss their biological relationship to type 2 diabetes in adults; (2) critically evaluate research findings of the last 10 years that highlight the importance and significance of the biobehavioral relationships associated with type 2 diabetes; and (3) summarize promising research directions that are likely to yield important insights regarding behavioral lifestyle factors for type 2 diabetes prevention and management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ajani, U. A., Gaziano, J. M., Lotufo, P. A., Liu, S., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Manson, J. E. (2000). Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease by diabetes status. Circulation, 102(5), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.102.5.500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albanes, D., Jones, D. Y., Micozzi, M. S., & Mattson, M. E. (1987). Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: Analysis of NHANES II. American Journal of Public Health, 77(4), 439–444.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. (2017). Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2017. Diabetes Care, 40(Suppl. 1), 1–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, K., & Arner, P. (2001). Systemic nicotine stimulates human adipose tissue lipolysis through local cholinergic and catecholaminergic receptors. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(8), 1225–1232. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801654

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ardisson Korat, A. V., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Diet, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A review from the Nurses' health study, Nurses' health study 2, and health Professionals' follow-up study. Curr Nutr Rep, 3(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-014-0103-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Audrain-McGovern, J., & Benowitz, N. L. (2011). Cigarette smoking, nicotine, and body weight. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 90(1), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aune, D., Ursin, G., & Veierød, M. B. (2009). Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia, 52(11), 2277–2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1481-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2013). Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28(11), 845–858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aune, D., Norat, T., Leitzmann, M., Tonstad, S., & Vatten, L. J. (2015). Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(7), 529–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0056-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aune, D., ó Hartaigh, B., & Vatten, L. J. (2015). Resting heart rate and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose--response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 25(6), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2015.02.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. K., Simpson, K., Lloyd, B., Bauman, A. E., & Singh, M. A. (2011). Behavioral strategies in diabetes prevention programs: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 91(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.06.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassuk, S. S., & Manson, J. E. (2005). Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J Appl Physiol (1985), 99(3), 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastard, J.-P., Maachi, M., Lagathu, C., Kim, M. J., Caron, M., Vidal, H., … Feve, B. (2006). Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. European Cytokine Network, 17(1), 4–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bays, H., Mandarino, L., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2004). Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(2), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030723

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazzano, L. A., Li, T. Y., Joshipura, K. J., & Hu, F. B. (2008). Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care, 31(7), 1311–1317. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0080

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bergouignan, A., Latouche, C., Heywood, S., Grace, M. S., Reddy-Luthmoodoo, M., Natoli, A. K., … Kingwell, B. A. (2016). Frequent interruptions of sedentary time modulates contraction- and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake pathways in muscle: Ancillary analysis from randomized clinical trials. Scientific Reports, 6, 32044. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32044

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balhara, Y. P. S. (2012). Tobacco and metabolic syndrome. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(1), 81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhupathiraju, S. N., Tobias, D. K., Malik, V. S., Pan, A., Hruby, A., Manson, J. E., … Hu, F. B. (2014). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(1), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.079533

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Billings, L. K., & Florez, J. C. (2010). The genetics of type 2 diabetes: What have we learned from GWAS? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1212(1), 59–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. A., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Martin, M. A., D'agostino, R. B., & Haffner, S. M. (2000). Associations between alcohol consumption and insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk factors: The insulin resistance and atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care, 23(11), 1630–1636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blundell, J. E., & Cooling, J. (2000). Routes to obesity: Phenotypes, food choices and activity. The British Journal of Nutrition, 83(Suppl 1), S33–S38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouros, D., Tzouvelekis, A., Anevlavis, S., Doris, M., Tryfon, S., Froudarakis, M., … Kukuvitis, A. (2006). Smoking acutely increases plasma ghrelin concentrations. Clinical Chemistry, 52(4), 777–778. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.065243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunkwall, L., & Orho-Melander, M. (2017). The gut microbiome as a target for prevention and treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: From current human evidence to future possibilities. Diabetologia, 60(6), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4278-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buxton, O. M., & Marcelli, E. (2010). Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 71(5), 1027–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L. E., Pan, A., Chiuve, S. E., Sun, Q., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Rimm, E. B. (2014). Fried-food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: A prospective study in 2 cohorts of US women and men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, AJCN, 084129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capurso, C., & Capurso, A. (2012). From excess adiposity to insulin resistance: The role of free fatty acids. Vascular Pharmacology, 57(2), 91–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, D. B., Utzschneider, K. M., Hull, R. L., Kodama, K., Retzlaff, B. M., Brunzell, J. D., … Kahn, S. E. (2004). Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, 53(8), 2087–2094.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cena, H., Fonte, M. L., & Turconi, G. (2011). Relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome. Nutrition Reviews, 69(12), 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00446.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report, 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2017 Jul 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults with diagnosed diabetes – United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53 (45), 1066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cersosimo, E., Triplitt, C., Mandarino, L. J., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2015). Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cespedes, E. M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Li, Y., Rosner, B., Redline, S., & Hu, F. B. (2016). Long-term changes in sleep duration, energy balance and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 59(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3775-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, L., Sit, J. W., Choi, K. C., Chair, S. Y., Li, X., & He, X. L. (2017). Effectiveness of interactive self-management interventions in individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 14(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiolero, A., Jacot-Sadowski, I., Faeh, D., Paccaud, F., & Cornuz, J. (2007). Association of cigarettes smoked daily with obesity in a general adult population. Obesity (Silver Spring), 15(5), 1311–1318. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiolero, A., Faeh, D., Paccaud, F., & Cornuz, J. (2008). Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(4), 801–809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colberg, S. R., Albright, A. L., Blissmer, B. J., Braun, B., Chasan-Taber, L., Fernhall, B., … Sigal, R. J. (2010). Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(12), 2282–2303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collaboration, E. R. F. (2010). Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. The Lancet, 375(9733), 2215–2222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuff, D. J., Meneilly, G. S., Martin, A., Ignaszewski, A., Tildesley, H. D., & Frohlich, J. J. (2003). Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26(11), 2977–2982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delarue, J., & Magnan, C. (2007). Free fatty acids and insulin resistance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 10(2), 142–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, M. J., Baer, D. J., Judd, J. T., Brown, E. D., Campbell, W. S., & Taylor, P. R. (2002). Effects of moderate alcohol intake on fasting insulin and glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 287(19), 2559–2562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo, R. A. (1988). Lilly lecture 1987. The triumvirate: Beta-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes, 37(6), 667–687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo, R. A. (2004). Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical Clinics of North America, 88(4), 787–835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo, R. A. (2009). From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 58(4), 773–795.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Després, J.-P., & Lemieux, I. (2006). Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature, 444(7121), 881–887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, B., Peña, M. M., & Taveras, E. M. (2012). Lifecourse approach to racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity. Advances in Nutrition, 3(1), 73–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, J. E., Jacobsen, D. J., Heelan, K. S., Seip, R., & Smith, S. (2000). The effects of 18 months of intermittent vs. continuous exercise on aerobic capacity, body weight and composition, and metabolic fitness in previously sedentary, moderately obese females. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 24(5), 566–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, J. E., Hill, J. O., Jacobsen, D. J., Potteiger, J., Sullivan, D. K., Johnson, S. L., … Washburn, R. A. (2003). Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: The Midwest exercise trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(11), 1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.11.1343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling, P., Bourey, R., Koranyi, L., Tuominen, J. A., Groop, L. C., Henriksson, J., … Koivisto, V. A. (1993). Mechanism of enhanced insulin sensitivity in athletes. Increased blood flow, muscle glucose transport protein (GLUT-4) concentration, and glycogen synthase activity. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 92(4), 1623–1631. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci116747

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eckel, R. H., Kahn, S. E., Ferrannini, E., Goldfine, A. B., Nathan, D. M., Schwartz, M. W., … Smith, S. R. (2011). Obesity and type 2 diabetes: What can be unified and what needs to be individualized? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(6), 1654–1663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edelstein, S. L., Knowler, W. C., Bain, R. P., Andres, R., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Dowse, G. K., … Hamman, R. F. (1997). Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: An analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes, 46(4), 701–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, J., Tuominen, J., Valle, T., Sundberg, S., Sovijärvi, A., Lindholm, H., … Koivisto, V. (1998). Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance? Hormone and Metabolic Research, 30(01), 37–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., … American Diabetes, A. (2013). Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 36(11), 3821–3842. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2042

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzati, M., & Riboli, E. (2013). Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(10), 954–964. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1203528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini, F. S., Hollenbeck, C. B., Jeppesen, J., Chen, Y. D., & Reaven, G. M. (1992). Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Lancet, 339(8802), 1128–1130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara, A., Hedderson, M. M., Brown, S. D., Albright, C. L., Ehrlich, S. F., Tsai, A. L., … Quesenberry, C. P., Jr. (2016). The comparative effectiveness of diabetes prevention strategies to reduce postpartum weight retention in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: The gestational Diabetes' effects on moms (GEM) cluster randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 39(1), 65–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flegal, K. M., Troiano, R. P., Pamuk, E. R., Kuczmarski, R. J., & Campbell, S. M. (1995). The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(18), 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199511023331801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, D., Moore, V., Godsland, I., Cockington, R., Robinson, J., & Phillips, D. (2000). Alcohol consumption and insulin resistance in young adults. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 30(4), 297–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, E. S., Li, C., & Sattar, N. (2008). Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes: Current state of the evidence. Diabetes Care, 31(9), 1898–1904. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0423

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frati, A. C., Iniestra, F., & Ariza, C. R. (1996). Acute effect of cigarette smoking on glucose tolerance and other cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes Care, 19(2), 112–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frayling, T. M. (2007). Genome–wide association studies provide new insights into type 2 diabetes aetiology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8(9), 657–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freiberg, M. S., & Samet, J. H. (2005). Alcohol and coronary heart disease. The Answer Awaits a Randomized Controlled Trial, 112(10), 1379–1381. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.105.568030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiss, L. S., Wang, J., Cheng, Y. J., Thompson, T. J., Barker, L., Li, Y., … Gregg, E. W. (2014). Prevalence and incidence trends for diagnosed diabetes among adults aged 20 to 79 years, United States, 1980-2012. JAMA, 312(12), 1218–1226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillman, M. W. (2016). Interrupting intergenerational cycles of maternal obesity. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser., 85, 59–69.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, L. C., Fortmann, A. L., & Mattei, J. (2014). Allostatic load and the assessment of cumulative biological risk in biobehavioral medicine: Challenges and opportunities. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(7), 478–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000095

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbacher, E. M., & Matthews, K. A. (2007). Are psychological characteristics related to risk of the metabolic syndrome? A review of the literature. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 34(3), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/08836610701677212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodpaster, B. H., Katsiaras, A., & Kelley, D. E. (2003). Enhanced fat oxidation through physical activity is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes, 52(9), 2191–2197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, J. R., Samaras, K., Hayward, C. S., Chisholm, D. J., & Campbell, L. V. (2005). Beneficial postprandial effect of a small amount of alcohol on diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: Modification by insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(2), 661–672. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, E. W., Chen, H., Wagenknecht, L. E., . . ., Look AHEAD Research Group. (2012). Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 308(23), 2489–2496. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.67929.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, J. P., Klesges, R. C., Johnson, K. C., Eck, L. H., Meyers, A. W., & Winders, S. A. (1997). The relationship between a history of depression and adherence to a multicomponent smoking-cessation program. Addictive Behaviors, 22(6), 783–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00018-X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guasch-Ferré, M., Bulló, M., Costa, B., Martínez-Gonzalez, M. Á., Ibarrola-Jurado, N., Estruch, R., . . . Investigators, P.-P. (2012). A risk score to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in an elderly Spanish Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. PLoS One, 7(3), e33437.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guasch-Ferre, M., Becerra-Tomas, N., Ruiz-Canela, M., Corella, D., Schroder, H., Estruch, R., … Salas-Salvado, J. (2017). Total and subtypes of dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Prevencion con Dieta Mediterranea (PREDIMED) study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 105(3), 723–735. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.142034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, R. A., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress – a modifiable risk factor. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, R. A., Steptoe, A., & Kumari, M. (2014). Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(12), 4625–4631. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2459

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, R. A., Kivimaki, M., Kumari, M., & Steptoe, A. (2016). Diurnal cortisol patterns, future diabetes, and impaired glucose metabolism in the Whitehall II cohort study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 101(2), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hage, M. P., Safadi, B., Salti, I., & Nasrallah, M. (2012). Role of gut-related peptides and other hormones in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes after roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. ISRN Endocrinology, 2012, 504756. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/504756

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. T., Hamilton, D. G., & Zderic, T. W. (2004). Exercise physiology versus inactivity physiology: An essential concept for understanding lipoprotein lipase regulation. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 32(4), 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. T., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Zderic, T. W., & Owen, N. (2008). Too little exercise and too much sitting: Inactivity physiology and the need for new recommendations on sedentary behavior. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 2(4), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-008-0054-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamman, R. F., Wing, R. R., Edelstein, S. L., Lachin, J. M., Bray, G. A., Delahanty, L., … Wylie-Rosett, J. (2006). Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29(9), 2102–2107. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, O. T., Czech, M. P., & Corvera, S. (2012). What causes the insulin resistance underlying obesity? Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, 19(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3283514e13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heideman, W. H., de Wit, M., Middelkoop, B. J., Nierkens, V., Stronks, K., Verhoeff, A. P., & Snoek, F. J. (2015). Diabetes risk reduction in overweight first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients: Effects of a low-intensive lifestyle education program (DiAlert) a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(4), 476–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heraclides, A. M., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. J. (2012). Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: Gender-specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity, 20(2), 428–433. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill-Briggs, F., Lazo, M., Peyrot, M., Doswell, A., Chang, Y. T., Hill, M. N., … Brancati, F. L. (2011). Effect of problem-solving-based diabetes self-management training on diabetes control in a low income patient sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(9), 972–978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1689-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hivert, M.-F., Vassy, J. L., & Meigs, J. B. (2014). Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus[mdash]from genes to prevention. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 10(4), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.11

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hivert, M.-F., Christophi, C. A., Franks, P. W., Jablonski, K. A., Ehrmann, D. A., Kahn, S. E., … Florez, J. C. (2016). Lifestyle and metformin ameliorate insulin sensitivity independently of the genetic burden of established insulin resistance variants in diabetes prevention program participants. Diabetes, 65(2), 520–526. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Wang, Z., & Hall, M. E. (2015). Obesity-induced hypertension. Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms, 116(6), 991–1006. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.116.305697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloszy, J. O., & Coyle, E. F. (1984). Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology, 56(4), 831–838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holten, M. K., Zacho, M., Gaster, M., Juel, C., Wojtaszewski, J. F., & Dela, F. (2004). Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 53(2), 294–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holst, J. J., Pedersen, J., Wewer Albrechtsen, N. J., & Knop, F. K. (2017). The gut: A key to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes? Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2017.0015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellerstein, M. K., Benowitz, N. L., Neese, R. A., Schwartz, J. M., Hoh, R., Jacob, P., … Faix, D. (1994). Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 93(1), 265–272.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huot, I., Paradis, G., & Ledoux, M. (2004). Factors associated with overweight and obesity in Quebec adults. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 28(6), 766–774. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IDF. (2015). Update of mortality attributable to diabetes for the IDF diabetes atlas: Estimates for the year 2013. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 109(3), 461–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, B. A., Davis, C. K., Brock, D. W., Weltman, J. Y., Swift, D., Barrett, E. J., … Weltman, A. (2008). Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(11), 1863.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, M. L., Crumley, D., McTiernan, A., Bernstein, L., Baumgartner, R., Gilliland, F. D., … Ballard-Barbash, R. (2003). Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast carcinoma: The health, eating, activity, and lifestyle (HEAL) study. Cancer, 97(7), 1746–1757. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Istvan, J. A., Cunningham, T. W., & Garfinkel, L. (1992). Cigarette smoking and body weight in the Cancer prevention study I. International Journal of Epidemiology, 21(5), 849–853.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeerakathil, T., Johnson, J. A., Simpson, S. H., & Majumdar, S. R. (2007). Short-term risk for stroke is doubled in persons with newly treated type 2 diabetes compared with persons without diabetes. A Population-Based Cohort Study, 38(6), 1739–1743. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.106.481390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J., Rustad, P. I., Kolnes, A. J., & Lai, Y.-C. (2011). The role of skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown for regulation of insulin sensitivity by exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 2, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2011.00112

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • John, U., Hanke, M., Rumpf, H. J., & Thyrian, J. R. (2005). Smoking status, cigarettes per day, and their relationship to overweight and obesity among former and current smokers in a national adult general population sample. International Journal of Obesity, 29(10), 1289–1294. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. P., Doran, D. A., Leatt, P. B., Maher, B., & Pirmohamed, M. (2001). Short-term exercise training improves body composition and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-positive individuals with lipodystrophy. AIDS, 15(15), 2049–2051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juutilainen, A., Lehto, S., Rönnemaa, T., Pyörälä, K., & Laakso, M. (2005). Type 2 diabetes as a “coronary heart disease equivalent”. Diabetes Care, 28(12), 2901–2907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, S. E., Cooper, M. E., & Del Prato, S. (2014). Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Perspectives on the past, present, and future. The Lancet, 383(9922), 1068–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor, D., & Jones, T. (2005). Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders. European Journal of Endocrinology, 152(4), 491–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, S., & Singh, F. (2006). The influence of physical activity on abdominal fat: A systematic review of the literature. Obesity Reviews, 7(2), 183–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kida, Y., Esposito-Del Puente, A., Bogardus, C., & Mott, D. M. (1990). Insulin resistance is associated with reduced fasting and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase phosphatase activity in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 85(2), 476.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Rungger, G., Egger, G., Oberhollenzer, F., & Bonora, E. (1998). Alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis: What is the relation? Prospective results from the Bruneck study. Stroke, 29(5), 900–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiens, B. (2006). Skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in exercise and insulin resistance. Physiological Reviews, 86(1), 205–243. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, J. W., & Reaven, G. (2016). Usual blood pressure and new-onset diabetes risk: Evidence from 4.1 million adults and a meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67(13), 1656–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.065

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koppes, L. L., Dekker, J. M., Hendriks, H. F., Bouter, L. M., & Heine, R. J. (2005). Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care, 28(3), 719–725.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R. C., Winders, S. E., Meyers, A. W., Eck, L. H., Ward, K. D., Hultquist, C. M., … Shadish, W. R. (1997). How much weight gain occurs following smoking cessation? A comparison of weight gain using both continuous and point prevalence abstinence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 286–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kusminski, C. M., Shetty, S., Orci, L., Unger, R. H., & Scherer, P. E. (2009). Diabetes and apoptosis: Lipotoxicity. Apoptosis, 14(12), 1484–1495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laaksonen, D. E., Niskanen, L., Lakka, H. M., Lakka, T. A., & Uusitupa, M. (2004). Epidemiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Annals of Medicine, 36(5), 332–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laaksonen, D. E., Lindstrom, J., Lakka, T. A., Eriksson, J. G., Niskanen, L., Wikstrom, K., … Uusitupa, M. (2005). Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: The Finnish diabetes prevention study. Diabetes, 54(1), 158–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lakka, T. A., & Laaksonen, D. E. (2007). Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Physiologie Appliquée, Nutrition et Métabolisme, 32(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1139/h06-113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamarche, B. (1993). Effects of diet and physical activity on adiposity and body fat distribution: Implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Research Reviews, 6(01), 137–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMonte, M. J., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2005). Physical activity and diabetes prevention. Journal Applied and Physiology (1985), 99(3), 1205–1213. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00193.2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, J. L. (2005). Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Medical Research, 36(3), 197–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. W., Ng, K. Y., & Chin, W. K. (2017). The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ley, S. H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: Dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet, 383(9933), 1999–2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, C. M., Vreeburg, S. A., van Reedt Dortland, A. K., Giltay, E. J., Hoogendijk, W. J., DeRijk, R. H., … Penninx, B. W. (2010). Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity rather than changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is associated with metabolic abnormalities. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(5), 2458–2466. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liese, A. D., Nichols, M., Sun, X., D'Agostino, R. B., Jr., & Haffner, S. M. (2009). Adherence to the DASH diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care, 32(8), 1434–1436. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0228

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Hu, C., Zhang, X., & Jia, W. (2017). Role of gut microbiota, bile acids and their cross-talk in the effects of bariatric surgery on obesity and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12687

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lokey, E., & Tran, Z. (1989). Effects of exercise training on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in women: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 10(06), 424–429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lönn, M., Mehlig, K., Bengtsson, C., & Lissner, L. (2010). Adipocyte size predicts incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. The FASEB Journal, 24(1), 326–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Look AHEAD Research Group. (2006). The look AHEAD study: A description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14(5), 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Look AHEAD Research Group. (2010). Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Four-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(17), 1566–1575. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Look AHEAD Research Group. (2013). Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1212914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Look AHEAD Research Group. (2014a). Impact of intensive lifestyle intervention on depression and health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes: The look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care, 37(6), 1544–1553. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-1928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Look AHEAD Research Group. (2014b). Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 22(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, D. S. (2002). The glycemic index: Physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 287(18), 2414–2423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet, 365(9464), 1099–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71146-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, D. R., & Matthews, P. C. (2011). Banting memorial lecture 2010∧. Type 2 diabetes as an ‘infectious’ disease: Is this the black death of the 21st century? Diabetic Medicine, 28(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03167.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, B. S. (2006). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: Central role of the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 367–381.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meigs, J. B., Muller, D. C., Nathan, D. M., Blake, D. R., & Andres, R. (2003). The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Diabetes, 52(6), 1475–1484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J.-P., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(11), 2477–2483.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. P., Pratley, R. E., Goldberg, A. P., Gordon, P., Rubin, M., Treuth, M. S., … Hurley, B. F. (1994). Strength training increases insulin action in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 77(3), 1122–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, O., Okamoto, K., Sawada, M., Mimura, M., Watanabe, T., & Morishita, T. (2005). Obesity and smoking: Relationship with waist circumference and obesity-related disorders in men undergoing a health screening. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 12(4), 199–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molarius, A., Seidell, J. C., Kuulasmaa, K., Dobson, A. J., & Sans, S. (1997). Smoking and relative body weight: An international perspective from the WHO MONICA project. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 51(3), 252–260.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. P., Voight, B. F., Teslovich, T. M., Ferreira, T., Segre, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., … Mahajan, A. (2012). Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics, 44(9), 981.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morley, J. E. (2008). Diabetes and aging: Epidemiologic overview. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 24(3), 395–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukamal, K. J., Conigrave, K. M., Mittleman, M. A., Camargo, C. A. J., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2003). Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukamal, K. J., Jensen, M. K., Grønbæk, M., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Pischon, T., & Rimm, E. B. (2005). Drinking frequency, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men. Circulation, 112(10), 1406–1413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukamal, K. J., Maclure, M., Muller, J. E., & Mittleman, M. A. (2005). Binge drinking and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 112(25), 3839–3845. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.105.574749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najarian, R. M., Sullivan, L. M., Kannel, W. B., Wilson, P. W., D’Agostino, R. B., & Wolf, P. A. (2006). Metabolic syndrome compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for stroke: The Framingham offspring study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(1), 106–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, D. M., Davidson, M. B., DeFronzo, R. A., Heine, R. J., Henry, R. R., Pratley, R., & Zinman, B. (2007). Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Implications for Care, 30(3), 753–759. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-9920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, S. T., Fransson, E. I., Heikkila, K., Ahola, K., Alfredsson, L., Bjorner, J. B., … Consortium, I. P.-W. (2014). Job strain as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of 124,808 men and women. Diabetes Care, 37(8), 2268–2275. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2936

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe, J. H., Bybee, K. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2007). Alcohol and cardiovascular health: The razor-sharp double-edged sword. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50(11), 1009–1014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, A., Wang, Y., Talaei, M., Hu, F. B., & Wu, T. (2015). Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(12), 958–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00316-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, E. J., & Hellerstein, M. K. (2000). Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: Historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(2), 412–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, K. F., Dufour, S., Savage, D. B., Bilz, S., Solomon, G., Yonemitsu, S., … Shulman, G. I. (2007). The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(31), 12587–12594. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705408104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peyrot, M., Rubin, R. R., Lauritzen, T., Snoek, F. J., Matthews, D. R., & Skovlund, S. E. (2005). Psychosocial problems and barriers to improved diabetes management: Results of the cross-National Diabetes Attitudes, wishes and needs (DAWN) study. Diabetic Medicine, 22(10), 1379–1385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picard, M., & Turnbull, D. M. (2013). Linking the metabolic state and mitochondrial DNA in chronic disease, health, and aging. Diabetes, 62(3), 672–678. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-1203

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Picard, M., Juster, R. P., & McEwen, B. S. (2014). Mitochondrial allostatic load puts the 'gluc' back in glucocorticoids. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 10(5), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poehlman, E. T., Dvorak, R. V., DeNino, W. F., Brochu, M., & Ades, P. A. (2000). Effects of resistance training and endurance training on insulin sensitivity in nonobese, young women: A controlled randomized trial 1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(7), 2463–2468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., … Vivian, E. (2015). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: A joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the academy of nutrition and dietetics. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(8), 1323–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.05.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, J., & Scheer, F. A. (2016). Circadian system and glucose metabolism: Implications for physiology and disease. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 27(5), 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasky, E., Stronegger, W. J., & Freidl, W. (1996). The relationship between body weight and patterns of smoking in women and men. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25(6), 1208–1212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravussin, E., & Bogardus, C. (2000). Energy balance and weight regulation: Genetics versus environment. British Journal of Nutrition, 83(S1), S17–S20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Razay, G., & Heaton, K. W. (1995). Smoking habits and lipoproteins in British women. QJM, 88(7), 503–508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, J., Sempos, C. T., & Trevisan, M. (2003). Alcohol and cardiovascular disease--more than one paradox to consider. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking and risk of coronary heart disease--a review. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 10(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000051961.68260.30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reutrakul, S., Hood, M. M., Crowley, S. J., Morgan, M. K., Teodori, M., & Knutson, K. L. (2014). The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Chronobiology International, 31(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.821614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, K., Lewis, B., Nolen, J. D., Kinney, G. L., Sathya, B., & He, J. (2003). Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 289(5), 579–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimm, E. B., Williams, P., Fosher, K., Criqui, M., & Stampfer, M. J. (1999). Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: Meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ, 319(7224), 1523–1528. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rönnemaa, T., Rönnemaa, E. M., Puukka, P., Pyörälä, K., & Laakso, M. (1996). Smoking is independently associated with high plasma insulin levels in nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care, 19(11), 1229–1232. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.19.11.1229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosmond, R., & Bjorntorp, P. (1999). Psychosocial and socio-economic factors in women and their relationship to obesity and regional body fat distribution. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(2), 138–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R., Dagnone, D., Jones, P. J., Smith, H., Paddags, A., Hudson, R., & Janssen, I. (2000). Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(2), 92–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. S., Pratley, R. E., Goldberg, A. P., & Elahi, D. (1996). Resistive training increases insulin action in postmenopausal women. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 51(5), M199–M205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salas-Salvado, J., Bullo, M., Babio, N., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Ibarrola-Jurado, N., Basora, J., … Ros, E. (2011). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: Results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial. Diabetes Care, 34(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, J. E. (2003). Lipotoxicity: When tissues overeat. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 14(3), 281–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer, P. R., Bhatt, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Wolski, K., Aminian, A., Brethauer, S. A., … Investigators, S. (2017). Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes – 5-year outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(7), 641–651. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600869

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shan, Z., Ma, H., Xie, M., Yan, P., Guo, Y., Bao, W., … Liu, L. (2015). Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care, 38(3), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2073

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimokata, H., Muller, D. C., & Andres, R. (1989). Studies in the distribution of body fat. III. Effects of cigarette smoking. JAMA, 261(8), 1169–1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., & White, R. D. (2006). Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 29(6), 1433–1438. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-9910

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Boulé, N. G., Wells, G. A., Prud'homme, D., Fortier, M., … Phillips, P. (2007). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetesa randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(6), 357–369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slentz, C. A., Aiken, L. B., Houmard, J. A., Bales, C. W., Johnson, J. L., Tanner, C. J., … Kraus, W. E. (2005). Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: A randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 99(4), 1613–1618. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00124.2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slentz, C. A., Bateman, L. A., Willis, L. H., Shields, A. T., Tanner, C. J., Piner, L. W., … Nelson, R. C. (2011). Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 301(5), E1033–E1039.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salonen, M. K., Wasenius, N., Kajantie, E., Lano, A., Lahti, J., Heinonen, K., … Eriksson, J. G. (2015). Physical activity, body composition and metabolic syndrome in young adults. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126737

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe, A. (2016). Diabetes: Stress resilience and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 12(4), 189–190. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Arky, R. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1988). A prospective study of moderate alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 128(3), 549–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talanian, J. L., Galloway, S. D., Heigenhauser, G. J., Bonen, A., & Spriet, L. L. (2007). Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 1439–1447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Targher, G., Alberiche, M., Zenere, M. B., Bonadonna, R. C., Muggeo, M., & Bonora, E. (1997). Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82(11), 3619–3624. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.11.4351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, J. F., & Sternberg, E. (2006). Beyond heart rate variability: Vagal regulation of allostatic systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1088, 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1366.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G. N., Ho, S. Y., Lam, K. S., Janus, E. D., Hedley, A. J., & Lam, T. H. (2004). Impact of obesity and body fat distribution on cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese. Obesity Research, 12(11), 1805–1813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traversy, G., & Chaput, J.-P. (2015). Alcohol consumption and obesity: An update. Current Obesity Reports, 4(1), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0129-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. C., Jenkins, E., Kerr, D., Sherwin, R. S., & Cavan, D. A. (2001). The effect of evening alcohol consumption on next-morning glucose control in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 24(11), 1888–1893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venditti, E. M. (2016). Behavior change to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes: Psychology in action. The American Psychologist, 71(7), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, X., Meng, E., & Yu, S. (2015). A meta-analysis of passive smoking and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 107(1), 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weyer, C., Foley, J. E., Bogardus, C., Tataranni, P. A., & Pratley, R. E. (2000). Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance. Diabetologia, 43(12), 1498–1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willi, C., Bodenmann, P., Ghali, W. A., Faris, P. D., & Cornuz, J. (2007). Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 298(22), 2654–2664. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.22.2654

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmot, E. G., Edwardson, C. L., Achana, F. A., Davies, M. J., Gorely, T., Gray, L. J., … Biddle, S. J. (2012). Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 55(11), 2895–2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittink, H., Engelbert, R., & Takken, T. (2011). The dangers of inactivity; exercise and inactivity physiology for the manual therapist. Manual Therapy, 16(3), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.01.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolever, T. M., & Mehling, C. (2003). Long-term effect of varying the source or amount of dietary carbohydrate on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid concentrations in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(3), 612–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walston, J., Hadley, E. C., Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Newman, A. B., Studenski, S. A., … Fried, L. P. (2006). Research agenda for frailty in older adults: Toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: Summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging research conference on frailty in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(6), 991–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, B., Fang, H., Xu, W., Yan, Y., Xu, H., Liu, Y., … Zhao, Y. (2014). Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: A dose-response analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Epidemiology, 29(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9876-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, H.-C., Duncan, B. B., Schmidt, M. I., Wang, N.-Y., & Brancati, F. L. (2010). Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes MellitusA cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(1), 10–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Curhan, G. C., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., & Forman, J. P. (2011). Association between passive and active smoking and incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care, 34(4), 892–897. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-2087

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Elizabeth M. Venditti & Rachel P. Kolko

  2. University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Rebecca L. Emery

Authors
  1. Elizabeth M. Venditti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rebecca L. Emery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rachel P. Kolko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth M. Venditti .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Alan M. Delamater

  2. Center for Border Health Disparities, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA

    David G. Marrero

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Venditti, E.M., Emery, R.L., Kolko, R.P. (2020). Biobehavioral Factors Related to the Development and Course of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Impairment in Adults: The Critical Role of Weight, Diet, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Behaviors. In: Delamater, A., Marrero, D. (eds) Behavioral Diabetes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33286-0_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation