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Pensive Sadness: The Forgotten Children’s Camp in Litzmannstadt/Łódź

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Commemorating the Children of World War II in Poland
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Abstract

This chapter examines various practices of remembrance around Polen-Jugendverwahrlager, the notorious children’s camp for Christian Poles established by the Nazis on the territory of Litzmannstadt/Łódź Ghetto in 1942. While investigating state-sanctioned and local initiatives that focus predominantly on a memorial devoted to the victims, this chapter poses salient questions about the role of local actors (such as the survivors and their families, NGOs and schoolchildren) in public memory making. This chapter shows that the projects about the camp are often a platform for an expression of pensive sadness, as I call it here, as well as other emotions that challenge and reinterpret thereof.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ewa Szafrańska, “Transformations of Large Housing Estates in Post-socialist City: The Case of Łódź, Poland”, Geographia Polonica 87/1 (2014): 81.

  2. 2.

    Julia Wasiak, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży polskiej przy ulicy Przemysłowej”, in Albin Głowacki and Sławomir Abramowicz, Obozy hitlerowskie w Łodzi (Łódź: Okręgowa Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Łodzi Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 1998), 155.

  3. 3.

    The juvenile camp, Jugendschutzlager, in Moringen was created in place of the former male and female camps for political prisoners which existed at the site in 1933 and 1933–1938, respectively. It was a facility exclusively for boys 13–22 years of age. A similar camp for girls and young women, aged 16–21, was established in May 1942 in Uckermark, near Ravensbrück.

  4. 4.

    Roman Hrabar, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej”, in Antoni Galiński and Julia Zamojska (eds.), Zbrodnie hitlerowskie wobec dzieci i młodzieży Łodzi oraz okręgu łódzkiego (Łódź: Okręgowa Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich i Wojewódzki Obywatelski Komitet Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa w Łodzi, 1979), 114–121.

  5. 5.

    Józef Witkowski, a Jugendverwahrlager survivor and the author of the only monograph on its history, cites the former date, while a more recent account by Wasiak gives the latter. See Józef Witkowski, Hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny dla maloletnich w Łodzi (Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy Im. Ossolińskich, 1975), 37; and Wasiak, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży”, 162.

  6. 6.

    Ibid., 162–63.

  7. 7.

    Witkowski, Hitlerowski obóz, 113–114.

  8. 8.

    See Wasiak, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży”, 168–169; and Hrabar, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży w Łodzi”, 132.

  9. 9.

    Wasiak, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży”, 170.

  10. 10.

    Tatiana Kozłowicz, “Karny obóz pracy dla dzieci i młodzieży w Łodzi”, in Anna Grzybowska, Barbara Jakubowska, and Tomasz Sobański (eds.), Zbrodnie hitlerowskie na dzieciach i młodzieży polskiej 19391945 (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1969), 36.

  11. 11.

    Hrabar, “Obóz dla dzieci i młodzieży w Łodzi”, 113 and 132.

  12. 12.

    For a longer discussion of the Dzierżązna branch and its history, see Witkowski, Hitlerowski obóz, 224–241.

  13. 13.

    Witkowski’s monograph on the children’s camp in Litzmannstadt is one example (see above), while the memoirs of Raźniewski and Czubak based on their experiences from Litzmannstadt and Lubawa, respectively, constitute other examples. See Tadeusz Raźniewski, Chcę żyć (Łódź: Wydawnictwo Łódzkie, 1971) and Czesław Czubak, Alles in Ordnung? Listy do Lagerkommandanta (Warszawa: Iskry, 1970).

  14. 14.

    Zdzisław Konicki, “Pęknięte serce matki…”, Dziennik łódzki (21 February 1994), 23.

  15. 15.

    Urszula Sochacka, “Obóz, którego nie było”, Zwierciadło 2 (2010): 52.

  16. 16.

    Celina Jaworska-Maćkowiak, Tadeusz Maćkowiak, Pomniki łódzkie: historia w brązie i kamieniu (Łódź: Urząd Miasta Łodzi. Biuro Analiz Medialnych i Wydawnictw, 2008), 18.

  17. 17.

    See, for example, Andrzej Polkowski, “Pomnik Martyrologii Dziecka w Łodzi”, Słowo Powszechne (27 February 1970), 2.

  18. 18.

    See Figure 1.

  19. 19.

    Konicki, “Pęknięte serce matki…”, 23.

  20. 20.

    Zbigniew Chmielewski (dir.), Twarz Anioła (Zespół Filmowy Nike, 1970).

  21. 21.

    Małgorzata Kołodziejska and Anna Słowińska, “Memento. Obóz koncentracyjny dla dzieci w Litzmannstadt”, in Alicja Wancerz-Gluzy and Gabriele Bucher-Dinç (eds.), Doświadczenia graniczne. Młodzież bada polsko-niemiecką historię (Warszawa: Ośrodek Karta, 2003), 164–165.

  22. 22.

    Konicki, “Pęknięte serce matki…”, 23.

  23. 23.

    One example of this is the debate surrounding the pogrom in Jedwabne, another the issue of compensation claims for the Germans expelled from the western territories in the aftermath of World War II. See, for example, Pawel Lutomski, “The Debate About a Center Against Expulsions: An Unexpected Crisis in German-Polish Relations?” German Studies Review 27 (2004): 452.

  24. 24.

    In 2004, the Radegast Railway Station was recreated and established as the main Holocaust memorial in the city. It was from here that the inhabitants of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto were transported to death camps. That same year the Survivors’ Park was created to commemorate both the people who passed through the ghetto and Poland’s Righteous among the Nations.

  25. 25.

    Marcin Markowski, “Lekcja, z której uczeń nie ucieknie”, Gazeta Wyborcza. Dodatek Łódź (17 January 2013), 2.

  26. 26.

    Bożena Będzińska-Wosik and Urszula Sochacka, “Projekt edukacyjny ‘Uwolnić Chudego – dziś dajemy Wam nie tylko pamięć’”, http://www.sp81lodz.edu.pl/images/Projekty/projekt_edukacyjny_uwolnic_chudego.pdf [accessed 17 July 2018].

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Regulska, “Governance or Self-Governance in Poland? Benefits and Threats 20 Years Later”, 551.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    Bożena Będzińska-Wosik and Urszula Sochacka, “Regulamin konkursu ‘Uwolnić Chudego - zaproś Chudego do zabawy’”, http://www.sp81lodz.edu.pl/images/Projekty/regulamin.pdf [accessed 18 July 2018].

  31. 31.

    Marcin Markowski, “Chudy, odwróć się!”, Gazeta Wyborcza. Dodatek Łódź (27 January 2012), 4. All names have been kept in the form used by the author of the letter.

  32. 32.

    Prior to World War II, Jews constituted a third of Łódź’s total population.

  33. 33.

    Gregor Thum makes a similar observation about post-Communist Wrocław, a city which uses its multicultural past not only to build its future identity but also to attract European funding and generate more tourism in the region. See Gregor Thum, “Wrocław and the Myth of the Multicultural Border City”, European Review 13/2 (2005): 227–235. It is worth noting that this trend has been visible all across East/Central Europe. See, for example, Judy Batt, “Reinventing Banat”, in Judy Batt and Kataryna Wolczuk (eds.), Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2002), 178–202.

  34. 34.

    See “Patriotism of Tomorrow”, http://www.en.muzhp.pl/programs/ongoing/217/patrotism-of-tomorrow.html [accessed 31 July 2018].

  35. 35.

    “Cele projektu”, http://dziecibalut.pl/?page_id=123 [accessed 31 July 2016].

  36. 36.

    Igor Rakowski-Kłos, “Zapomniane dzieci – więzniowie obozy przy ul. Przemysłowej”, Gazeta Wyborcza. Dodatek Łódź (8–9 December 2012), 3.

  37. 37.

    Matylda Witkowska, “Murale o dzieciach z obozu”, Dziennik łódzki (8–9 December 2012), 7. See also Łukasz Kaczyński, “Dzieci Bałut nad głowami”, Dziennik łódzki (6 December 2012), 12.

  38. 38.

    Paulina Ilska, “Wspomnienie czasu grozy”, Dziennik łódzki (9 August 2013), 23.

  39. 39.

    Regulska, “Governance or Self-Governance in Poland?”, 552.

  40. 40.

    For more information on the Roma in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto, see Sybil Milton, “Gypsies and the Holocaust”, The History Teacher 24 (1991): 375–387.

  41. 41.

    Daniel Zagórski, e-mail correspondence (30 July 2013).

  42. 42.

    Jerzy Kropiwnicki, the mayor of Łódź in 2002–2010, was a member of two Christian-democratic parties, the Christian National Union (Zjednoczenie Chrześcijansko-Narodowe, ZChN) and the Municipal Christian Movement (Chrześcijański Ruch Samorządowy, ChRS).

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Stańczyk, E. (2019). Pensive Sadness: The Forgotten Children’s Camp in Litzmannstadt/Łódź. In: Commemorating the Children of World War II in Poland. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32262-5_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32262-5_3

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