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Insects Today and in the Future

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Why Every Fly Counts

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

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Abstract

How have insects developed worldwide in recent years? Have their numbers increased or decreased? How will their development continue to progress? It is difficult to answer these questions since most insect species have not yet been discovered and accordingly, their populations have not been investigated. Estimates of their numbers range between two and ten million.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Berenbaum (2009).

  2. 2.

    Wilson (1988).

  3. 3.

    Sutton and Collins (1991). And: Townsend et al. (2002).

  4. 4.

    Kupca (2009).

  5. 5.

    Parmesan (2006) provides a good overview of the studies performed on the effects of climate warming on the quality of natural habitats with special consideration of the insect biotopes. Several of the studies cited below were taken here. Parmesan (2006).

  6. 6.

    Bradley et al. (1999).

  7. 7.

    Gibbs and Breisch (2001).

  8. 8.

    Crick et al. (1997).

  9. 9.

    Forister and Shapiro (2003).

  10. 10.

    Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen (2011).

  11. 11.

    World Wide Fund for Nature WWF (2014).

  12. 12.

    Paulson (2001).

  13. 13.

    Franco et al. (2006).

  14. 14.

    Parmesan (1996).

  15. 15.

    Descimon et al. (2006).

  16. 16.

    Thomas et al. (2001).

  17. 17.

    Zaller et al. (2014).

  18. 18.

    BMELV (2007).

  19. 19.

    Harrington et al. (1999).

  20. 20.

    Deutsches Umweltbundesamt (n.d.a).

  21. 21.

    Umweltbundesamt (2013a).

  22. 22.

    Umweltbundesamt (2013b).

  23. 23.

    Carrington et al. (2013).

  24. 24.

    Müller-Motzfeld (2007).

  25. 25.

    Meise (2003).

  26. 26.

    Zimmermann et al. (2014).

  27. 27.

    Klasen et al. (2008).

  28. 28.

    Mücke et al. (2009).

  29. 29.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (2011a, p. 453 ff).

  30. 30.

    Stark et al. (2009).

  31. 31.

    Klasen and Schrader (2011).

  32. 32.

    Bebber et al. (2013).

  33. 33.

    Stöckli et al. (2012).

  34. 34.

    Sobczyk (2014).

  35. 35.

    Porter et al. (2014).

  36. 36.

    FAO (2017, p. 57 ff).

  37. 37.

    United Nations Global Environment Programme (2012, p. 8).

  38. 38.

    FAO (2017, p. 14).

  39. 39.

    United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2014).

  40. 40.

    Europäische Union (2012, p. 9).

  41. 41.

    Claudio Defila (2005).

  42. 42.

    FAO (2015a).

  43. 43.

    Europäische Union (2012, p. 12).

  44. 44.

    Addendum (2017).

  45. 45.

    Europäische Union (2012, p. 5).

  46. 46.

    Ibidem, p. 9.

  47. 47.

    Deutsche Bundesregierung (2012).

  48. 48.

    United Nations Global Environment Programme (2012, p. 19).

  49. 49.

    FAO (2013, p. 10).

  50. 50.

    FAO (2013, p. 10).

  51. 51.

    Ibidem.

  52. 52.

    Statistisches Bundesamt (2014, p. 469).

  53. 53.

    Laimer and Maghuln (2015).

  54. 54.

    BMELV (2007).

  55. 55.

    International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (2009).

  56. 56.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (2017).

  57. 57.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (2017).

  58. 58.

    Doxa et al. (2012).

  59. 59.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (2011a, p. 405).

  60. 60.

    FAO (2015b).

  61. 61.

    Meissle et al. (2009).

  62. 62.

    Gaspers (2009).

  63. 63.

    Baufeld et al. (2011).

  64. 64.

    Entrup and Kivelitz (2010). And: Statistisches Bundesamt (2014, p. 482 ff).

  65. 65.

    Wiggenhorn (2015).

  66. 66.

    Freier et al. (2015).

  67. 67.

    Ibidem.

  68. 68.

    Braun and Flückiger (2004). Cited in Deutsches Umweltbundesamt (n.d.b, p. 28).

  69. 69.

    FAO (2013, p. 204).

  70. 70.

    Food and Agriculture Organization FAO (2010).

  71. 71.

    Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU) (2008).

  72. 72.

    Food and Agriculture Organization FAO (2015).

  73. 73.

    Deutsches Umweltbundesamt (n.d.b, p. 53).

  74. 74.

    Examples for England: Fox et al. (2010). Ball and Morris (2014). Natural England (2015); for France: Le Comité français de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) (2014).

  75. 75.

    Lowe et al. (2000).

  76. 76.

    Witte (2014).

  77. 77.

    Cremer (2017).

  78. 78.

    Cremer (2012).

  79. 79.

    Barrera Medina and Vidal Munoz (2013).

  80. 80.

    Lester et al. (2017).

  81. 81.

    Invasive Species Specialist Group IUCN/SSC (2013).

  82. 82.

    Rochlin et al. (2016).

  83. 83.

    Ibidem, p. 2 ff.

  84. 84.

    Thogmartin et al. (2017).

  85. 85.

    Hidetoshi et al. (2016).

  86. 86.

    Burkle et al. (2013).

  87. 87.

    COSEWIC (2016a).

  88. 88.

    European Environment Agency (2015).

  89. 89.

    Pateman et al. (2012).

  90. 90.

    Dirzo et al. (2014).

  91. 91.

    De Vlinderstichting (2018).

  92. 92.

    Brooks et al. (2012).

  93. 93.

    Schuch (2011).

  94. 94.

    Scheuchl and Schwenninger (2015).

  95. 95.

    Ibidem.

  96. 96.

    Sorg et al. (2013). Auch: Hallmann et al. (2017).

  97. 97.

    Reichholf (2017, p. 20 ff).

  98. 98.

    Ibidem, p. 58 ff.

  99. 99.

    Ibidem, p. 20 ff.

  100. 100.

    Cordillot and Klaus (2011).

  101. 101.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (2011).

  102. 102.

    Vi et al. (2009).

  103. 103.

    COSEWIC (2015).

  104. 104.

    COSEWIC (2016b).

  105. 105.

    Szymanski et al. (2016).

  106. 106.

    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2018).

  107. 107.

    Department of Sustainability and Environment (2009).

  108. 108.

    IUCN Bangladesh (2015).

  109. 109.

    WCS (2016).

  110. 110.

    Nieto et al. (2014).

  111. 111.

    IUCN. International Union for Conservation of Nature (2018).

  112. 112.

    Kalkmann et al. (2010).

  113. 113.

    von Swaay et al. (2010).

  114. 114.

    Schweizerisches Bundesamt für Umwelt (2012).

  115. 115.

    Schweizerisches Bundesamt für Umwelt (2011). And: Schweizerisches Bundesamt für Umwelt (2014).

  116. 116.

    Schweizerisches Bundesamt für Umwelt (2011).

  117. 117.

    Österreichisches Umweltbundesamt (2005).

  118. 118.

    Österreichisches Umweltbundesamt (2007).

  119. 119.

    Ibidem, p. 291 ff.

  120. 120.

    Ibidem, p. 167.

  121. 121.

    Ibidem, p. 41.

  122. 122.

    Ibidem, p. 19.

  123. 123.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (2011b). From the moth fly family onwards: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (2016).

  124. 124.

    Dullingera et al. (2007).

  125. 125.

    Wilson (1997).

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    Dr. Hans-Dietrich Reckhaus

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Reckhaus, HD. (2019). Insects Today and in the Future. In: Why Every Fly Counts. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31229-9_3

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