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Soft Power pp 295–301Cite as

Conclusions and Outlook

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Part of the book series: Global Power Shift ((GLOBAL))

Abstract

This chapter discusses the lessons learned by the author’s overall engagement with the concept of soft power and deliberates more general prospects regarding the significance of the forces of attraction in world politics. To that end, both the newly introduced taxonomy of soft power as well as the methodological roadmap developed by the author are critically evaluated. Additionally, an outlook on the future importance of soft power in international relations is presented and prospective research questions offering promising starting points for future studies are discussed. In this context, not least based on the soft power arms race presently already taking place among nation-states and other actors, the author subscribes to an increasing importance of soft power expectable in the time to come, rendering both political and academic attention to one of the crucial concepts in international relations today all the more important.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For example, Jean-Yves Haine, “The EU’s Soft Power: Not Hard Enough?,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2004), pp. 69–77; Mai’a K. Davis Cross and Jan Melissen, eds., European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

  2. 2.

    For example, Ingrid d’Hooghe, “Public Diplomacy in the People’s Republic of China,” in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed., Jan Melissen (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 88–105; Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007); Mingjiang Li, ed., Soft Power: China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2009); Gary D. Rawnsley, “China Talks Back: Public Diplomacy and Soft Power for the Chinese Century,” in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, eds. Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009), pp. 282–291; Ingrid d’Hooghe, The Limits of China’s Soft Power in Europe: Beijing’s Public Diplomacy Puzzle (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2010); Hongyi Lai and Yiyi Lu, eds. China’s Soft Power and International Relations (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012); Ingrid d’Hooghe, China’s Public Diplomacy (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015); Falk Hartig, Chinese Public Diplomacy: The Rise of the Confucius Institute (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015); Paola Voci and Luo Hui, eds., Screening China’s Soft Power (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017).

  3. 3.

    For example, Andrei P. Tsygankov, “If Not by Tanks, Then by Banks? The Role of Soft Power in Putin’s Foreign Policy,” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 7 (November 2006), pp. 1079–1099; James Sherr, Hard Diplomacy and Soft Coercion: Russia’s Influence Abroad (London: Chatham House, 2013); Marcel H. Van Herpen, Putin’s Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).

  4. 4.

    For example, James Pamment, British Public Diplomacy and Soft Power: Diplomatic Influence and the Digital Revolution (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

  5. 5.

    For example, Jonathan Grix and Barrie Houlihan, “Sports Mega-Events as Part of a Nation’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012),” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2014), pp. 572–596; Kurt-Jürgen Maaß, ed., Kultur und Außenpolitik: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis (Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2015).

  6. 6.

    Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Is the American Century Over? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015), p. 62.

  7. 7.

    Kofi Annan, “Problems without Passports,” Foreign Policy, No. 132 (September/October 2002), pp. 30–31.

References

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  • Kurlantzick, Joshua. Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.

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  • Lai, Hongyi and Yiyi Lu, eds. China’s Soft Power and International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Global Studies, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Hendrik W. Ohnesorge

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  1. Hendrik W. Ohnesorge
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Ohnesorge, H.W. (2020). Conclusions and Outlook. In: Soft Power. Global Power Shift. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29922-4_5

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