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The Rhine as Hotspot of Parasite Invasions

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Parasite and Disease Spread by Major Rivers on Earth

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 12))

Abstract

The Rhine has been severely impacted by non-indigenous free-living and parasite species, largely triggered by the connection of the Ponto-Caspian and the Central European area due to the inauguration of the Main-Danube Canal in 1992. In the present review, we give a brief summary of species invasions in the Rhine with a focus on non-indigenous free-living and parasite species and related changes in species communities that have been recorded in the last decades. Among the most relevant invaders, we find the “killer shrimp,” Dikerogammarus villosus, and various species of gobiids. Together with non-indigenous hosts, several parasite species were introduced and stayed mostly with their original host, e.g., the monogenean Gyrodactylus proterorhini on gobiids and the acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus in its specific non-indigenous intermediate host Gammarus tigrinus. Other parasites colonized indigenous host species after their introduction (parasite spillover), e.g., the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini and Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae, the nematode Anguillicola crassus, the tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, and acanthocephalans of the genus Pomphorhynchus. As both A. crassus and Pomphorhynchus sp. use non-indigenous gobies as paratenic hosts, we also find an example of parasite spillover in the Rhine. Furthermore, in cases of co-infection of the same host, Pomphorhynchus sp. cysts in the gobies serve as a “refuge” for the larvae of A. crassus, which probably increases the efficiency of transmission to the eel final host. Therefore, this combination of an invasive host species and the two parasites is a unique example of an invasional meltdown. Finally, we illustrate the drastic changes in parasite communities caused by interactions of indigenous and non-indigenous species and their parasites, using the examples of eel and gobies as host species.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Bernd Sures, Milen Nachev & Daniel Grabner

  2. Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Bernd Sures

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  1. Bernd Sures
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  2. Milen Nachev
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  3. Daniel Grabner
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Correspondence to Bernd Sures .

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  1. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

  2. Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), Goethe University (GU), Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Sven Klimpel

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Sures, B., Nachev, M., Grabner, D. (2019). The Rhine as Hotspot of Parasite Invasions. In: Mehlhorn, H., Klimpel, S. (eds) Parasite and Disease Spread by Major Rivers on Earth. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29061-0_19

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