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Applications in Clinical Psychology

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Determinism and Self-Organization of Human Perception and Performance

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Abstract

As pointed out in Sects. 1.5, 3.1, and 3.2 the pattern formation perspective is part of a broad perspective that addresses how system of the animate and inanimate worlds can form qualitatively new states and how transitions between qualitatively different states take place. In this context, aggregate phase transitions (e.g., transitions from ice to water), phase transitions in non-equilibrium systems of the inanimate world (e.g., emergence of roll patterns in fluids and gases heated from below), and transitions between qualitatively different movement patterns of humans and animals (e.g., walk to trot gait transitions in horses) have been considered on an equal footing. It has been pointed out that when an individual stands up from a chair and starts to walk, then the sit-to-stand and stand-to-walk transitions from a physics perspective are considered as counterparts to aggregate phase transitions such as ice-to-water and water-to-gas transitions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that there might be hysteresis such that there are actually two different critical values.

  2. 2.

    For example, when the author of this book is happily drinking a cup of coffee while typing these lines the actions performed by the author are as compulsive as a the actions performed by a OCD patient during a ritual. The classifications of actions in terms of voluntary and involuntary actions, automated and non-automated actions, compulsive actions, reflex-like actions, self-aware actions, conscious and non-conscious actions, all involve an element or the negation of an element of “choice” or “free will”. However, when taken a physics-based scientific approach automated just as non-automated actions are parts of cause-and-effect chains. In non-automated actions the cause-and-effect relationships are not “less strong” or “less dominant” as compared to automated actions. Likewise, compulsive actions and reflex-like actions just as self-aware actions follows cause-and-effect chains and follow in every step and moment in time the laws of physics just as every tick of a mechanical pendulum clock follows from the laws of physics. Self-aware actions are not “less bounded” by physics as compared to compulsive actions or reflex-like actions. The amount of “freedom” involved in self-aware actions is just the same as the amount of “freedom” involved in compulsive and reflex-like actions, namely, zero. The same applies to the distinction of conscious and non-conscious actions (in addition see Sect. 7.2.2). In this sense, from a physics-based scientific perspective the phrases voluntary and involuntary actions, automated and non-automated actions, compulsive actions, reflex-like actions, self-aware actions, conscious and non-conscious actions, are meaningless. Such phrases might be useful when understanding humans and animals from spiritualistic, religious perspectives.

  3. 3.

    If—after reading these lines—the brain state and brain structure of the reader is in a certain condition, then he/she will produce human isolated brain BA patterns about those possibilities.

  4. 4.

    In addition, we could assume that λ 0 decreases with α as in Sect. 6.5.3. In the context of grasping transitions and gait transitions such a decrease can be motivated explicitly. However, here we just assume that λ 0 remains constant.

  5. 5.

    More precisely, as discussed in Sect. 5.4.1 it is assumed that forces exerted by objects and events shift under idealized symmetric conditions the brain state of humans into the basin of attraction of a certain attractor. The attractor may be labeled as the attractor related to the BBA pattern of “there is something” but any other label could be used as well. The attractor is associated with an unstable basis pattern (which makes that the attractor exists at all). The eigenvalue of that basis pattern is assumed to be increased under schizophrenia.

  6. 6.

    That is, taking a scientific perspective, schizophrenic patients react to facial expressions of emotions differently as compared to healthy adults and this difference might be a specific symptom for schizophrenia or it might reflect that in general schizophrenic patients react differently to the forces of the world acting on them. Note that from a scientific perspective there are no such things as “deficits” or “failures” or “impairments”. Such a terminology might be useful within spiritualistic, e.g., religious, approaches to understand humans. E.g., key elements of Christianity are that humans fail, on the one hand, and that God is a forgiving entity, on the other hand.

  7. 7.

    The concept of a “target” emotion is not a scientific one, just as the concept of “attention” is not a scientific concept. However, we will not dwell on this issue here.

  8. 8.

    Of course, taking a science point of view, at no point in time the participants in the experiment had a “choice”. Neither were there any “alternatives”.

  9. 9.

    Of course, saying that participants in this experiment made “decisions” is like saying that water makes “decisions” when it turns into ice. From a science perspective, participants did not make “decisions” at all.

  10. 10.

    An analogous phenomenon caused by forces of the acoustic world has been discussed in the context of the “say” to “stay” bifurcation of phrases “sa..y” that are equipped with a gap, see Sect. 5.3 with Fig. 5.10 and Sect. 7.6.2.

  11. 11.

    And in this sense participants make “recognition failures” if they are exposed to a fearful face. However, as such the concept of “failures” is a spiritualistic one—like the concepts of the good and the evil—, not a scientific one.

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  1. Dept. Psychology and Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Till Frank

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Frank, T. (2019). Applications in Clinical Psychology. In: Determinism and Self-Organization of Human Perception and Performance. Springer Series in Synergetics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28821-1_10

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