Abstract
This chapter concludes the book’s enquiry into the discourse and diplomacy of Sudan’s “Southern Problem” during the Cold War. It reiterates the central claim of the book that a critical part of understanding the civil wars in Southern Sudan between 1961 and 1991 requires understanding how they were projected and imagined abroad. Since the book has focused on narrative-making as a site of political contestation, the chapter briefly explores the power inherent in narrativisation. It shows how the book builds on a number of works on discourses pertaining to Southern political belonging. Specifically, it highlights that the book argued that the Sudan African National Union (SANU) played an indispensable role in constructing the dominant international rebel discourse on the “Southern Problem”. It expands on the implications of the book’s findings and the questions it raises.
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- 1.
Interview with Malik (pseudonym), conducted by Sebabatso Manoeli, Khartoum, Sudan, 20 November 2015.
- 2.
Ø. Rolandsen, ‘The Making of the Anya-Nya insurgency in the Southern Sudan, 1961–64’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 5/2 (2011), p. 216. For more on these articulations of Southern Sudanese grievances, see Chap. 2 of this book.
- 3.
- 4.
Peel, ‘For who hath Despised’, p. 585.
- 5.
Rolandsen and Leonardi, ‘Discourses of Violence’.
- 6.
Leonardi and Vaughan, ‘“We are oppressed and our only way is to write to higher authority”’.
- 7.
Willis, ‘The Southern Problem’.
- 8.
Oduho and Deng, Problem, p. 59.
- 9.
Gray, ‘Introduction’, in Oduho and Deng, Problem, p. 1.
- 10.
Ibid. Emphasis added.
- 11.
Letter from I. Nyigilo to Foreign Ministers in Uganda, 1963.
- 12.
Letter from SANU to the Prime Minister of the Sudan, Khatim Khalifa, November 1964.
- 13.
SPLM/A, Manifesto, p. 1.
- 14.
Rolandsen, Guerrilla Government, p. 62.
- 15.
C. Tounsel, ‘Khartoum Goliath: SPLM/SPLA Update and Martial Theology during the Second Sudanese Civil War’, Journal of Africana Religions, 4/2 (2016), pp. 129–153.
- 16.
Bayart, ‘Africa in the World’, pp. 217–267.
- 17.
Ibid., p. 265.
- 18.
Huang, ‘Rebel Diplomacy’.
- 19.
P. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on popular politics in most of the world (New York, 2004), note 17, p. 8.
- 20.
R. Akuany, ‘A Lament by a Southern Sudanese Girl’, Voice of Southern Sudan, no. 4 (1969), p. 3.
- 21.
For work that focuses on woman in the SPLA, see C. Pinaud, ‘“We are trained to be married!” Elite formation and ideology in the “girls’ battalion” of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9/3 (2015), pp. 375–393. A. Weber, ‘Barbarian Beasts or Mothers of Invention: Relation of Gendered Fighter and Citizen Images: with a specific case study of Southern Sudan’ (PhD thesis, Frele Universität Berlin, 2006).
- 22.
Willis, ‘Southern Problem’, p. 283.
- 23.
Peterson and Macola, Recasting the Past.
- 24.
T. Ranger, ‘Nationalist Historiography, Patriotic History and the History of the Nation: the Struggle over the Past in Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 30/2 (2004), pp. 215–234.
- 25.
Glassman, War of Words, p. 7.
- 26.
Ibid., p. 22.
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Manoeli, S.C. (2019). Conclusion. In: Sudan’s “Southern Problem”. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28771-9_11
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