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Single Assignment C (SAC)

The Compilation Technology Perspective

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Central European Functional Programming School (CEFP 2015)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 10094))

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Abstract

Single Assignment C (SaC) is a data parallel programming language that combines an imperative looking syntax, closely resembling that of C, with purely functional, state-free semantics. Again unlike the functional programming mainstream, that puts the emphasis on lists and trees, the focus of SaC as a data-parallel language is on (truly) multi-dimensional arrays. SaC arrays are not just loose collections of data cells or memory address ranges as in many imperative and object-oriented languages. Neither are they explicitly managed, stateful data objects as in some functional languages, may it be for language design or for performance considerations. SaC arrays are indeed purely functional, immutable, state-free, first-class values.

The array type system of SaC allows functions to abstract not only from the size of vectors or matrices but even from the number of array dimensions. Programs can and should be written in a mostly index-free style with functions consuming entire arrays as arguments and producing entire arrays as results. SaC supports a highly generic and compositional programming style that composes applications in layers of abstractions from universally applicable building blocks. The design of SaC aims at combining high productivity in software engineering of compute-intensive applications with high performance in program execution on today’s multi- and many-core computing systems.

These CEFP lecture notes provide a balanced introduction to language design and programming methodology of SaC, but our main focus is on the in-depth description and illustration of the associated compilation technology. It is literally a long way down from state-free, functional program code involving multi-dimensional, truly state-free arrays to efficient execution on modern computing machines. Fully compiler-directed parallelisation for symmetric multi-socket, multi-core, hyper-threaded server systems, CUDA-enabled graphics accelerators, workstation clusters or heterogeneous systems from a single architecture-agnostic source program adds a fair deal of complexity. Over the years, we have developed an intricate program transformation and optimisation machinery for this purpose. These lecture notes provide the first comprehensive presentation of our compilation technology as a whole.

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Acknowledgements

The work described in this paper is the result of more than 15 years of research and development conducted by an ever changing group of people working at a variety of places. From the nucleus at the University of Kiel, Germany, in the mid-1990s the virus spread to the University of Lübeck, Germany, the University of Hertfordshire, England, the University of Toronto, Canada, the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and recently to Heriot-Watt University, Scotland. Apart from the internal funds of these universities, three European projects have been instrumental in supporting our activities: Æther, Apple-CORE and Advance.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Sven-Bodo Scholz for many years of intense and fruitful collaboration. The original proposal of a no-frills functional language with a C-like syntax and particular support for arrays was his [91]. Apart from the name and these three design principles not too much in today’s SaC resembles the original proposal, though.

My special thanks go to those who helped to shape SaC by years of continued work: Dietmar Kreye, Robert Bernecky, Stephan Herhut, Kai Trojahner and Artem Shinkarov. Over the years many more have contributed to advancing SaC to its current state. I take the opportunity to thank (in roughly temporal order) Henning Wolf, Arne Sievers, Sören Schwartz, Björn Schierau, Helge Ernst, Jan-Hendrik Schöler, Nico Marcussen-Wulff, Markus Bradtke, Borg Enders, Michael Werner, Karsten Hinckfuß, Steffen Kuthe, Florian Massel, Andreas Gudian, Jan-Henrik Baumgarten, Theo van Klaveren, Daoen Pan, Sonia Chouaieb, Florian Büther, Torben Gerhards, Carl Joslin, Jing Guo, Hraban Luyat, Abhishek Lal, Santanu Dash, Daniel Rolls, Zheng Zhangzheng, Aram Visser, Tim van Deurzen, Roeland Douma, Fangyong Tang, Pablo Rauzy, Miguel Diogo, Heinz Wiesinger, Jaroslav Sykora, Raphaël Poss, Victor Azizi, Stuart Gordon, Hans-Nikolai Viessmann, Thomas Macht, Cédric Blom, Nikolaos Sarris for their invaluable work.

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    Clemens Grelck

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    Viktória Zsók

  2. Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

    Zoltán Porkoláb

  3. Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

    Zoltán Horváth

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Grelck, C. (2019). Single Assignment C (SAC). In: Zsók, V., Porkoláb, Z., Horváth, Z. (eds) Central European Functional Programming School. CEFP 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10094. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28346-9_7

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