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The Improvement of the Production and Quality: The Case of Wine Production in the Eastern Lombardy During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Provinces of Bergamo and Brescia)

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A History of Wine in Europe, 19th to 20th Centuries, Volume I

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Abstract

The paper illustrates the progressive improvement of the quality and retailing of wine in the provinces of Bergamo and Brescia (Eastern Lombardy) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some important changes concerned winegrowing and winemaking and led to improving the quality of the wine. In the early nineteenth century most of viticulturists in fact produced low-quality wine: there were only two relevant exceptions. Outbreaks of powdery mildew, peronospora, and phylloxera seriously damaged vines and grapes and strongly reduced the land cultivated by vines as well as the number of winemakers. These latter had to renew their vines and they also created consortia for the protection and sale of their wine. During the twentieth century, the viticulture and winemaking benefited from the improvements and innovations concerning the oenological technology and transport networks. Since the 1960s the “enotechno-revolution” allowed best winemakers to create new high-quality sparkling wines and DOC [Controlled Designation of the Origin] (or DOCG [Controlled and Guaranteed Designation of the Origin]) wines which had great success on the main international markets.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Besides the articles and books quoted in the following notes, these archival sources were used: Archivio di Stato di Brescia, IRDP, bb. 3549, 4119; Archivio di Stato di Milano, Agricoltura p.m., bb. 1–3, 112, Catasto Lombardo-Veneto, bb. 7275, 9353, 9537, 12141, 12142, 12190, 12191, 12194, 12197, 12202, 12203; Commercio p.m., bb. 15; Studi p.m., bb. 1139, 1142, 1144. These documents (and the related data) concern the first half of the nineteenth century only. They include: “Nozioni agrarie di dettaglio” and “Nozioni generali territoriali”, that is detailed information about the conditions of the viticulture in the departments of Bergamo and Brescia.

  2. 2.

    For the production of wine in provinces of Bergamo and Brescia during the first half of the nineteenth century, see Tedeschi (2006a, pp. 338–344, 456), Marengoni (1996, pp. 10–15, 35–53), and Maironi da Ponte (1803).

  3. 3.

    For the new land census, see Locatelli and Tedeschi (2012) and Locatelli (2003). For agricultural censuses during the nineteenth century, see Tedeschi (2013). For the constant underevaluation of farm production and earnings, see Tedeschi (2008a).

  4. 4.

    For example, in 1837 on the wine market of Brescia one zerla of almost 50 litres was valued at 30.61 lire austriache in early May, with the price falling to 27.06 by the 8th of July. See Archivio di Stato di Brescia, IRDP, 4119, f. 1. Besides, the prices of the wine (in lire milanesi for one zerla) passed from 5 to 6.15 (in the plain and in the valleys), from 7 to 10 (in the hills), while the best wines of the Garda and Franciacorta arrived at 13 and 15. Wine priced below 6 lire milanesi was often considered of the lowest (infima) quality. The price of the wine in the market of Bergamo from 1859 to 1883 (that is from the entry in the Italian Kingdom to the start of the agrarian crisis) fluctuated among 30 and 40 Italian liras for one hl. until 1872 and after it reached prices among 50 and more than 60 Italian liras with wide variations. See Faccini (1986, pp. 263–409), Tedeschi (2006a, p. 482) (Table 94), and Della Valentina (1996, pp. 39–40).

  5. 5.

    About the innovators’ suggestions concerning the winegrowing and wine making in Eastern Lombardy see, among others, Agosti (1814), Ferrini (1822), Bajoni (1823), Pagani (1826), and Gabba (1836). See also Tedeschi (2003, 2004) and Onger (2008).

  6. 6.

    Landowners either employed paid workers on their farms, leased them out to tenants, or agreed contracts with sharecroppers. The choice depended on the landlord’s discretion and on the quality of the land and its fruits: in the vineyards of Eastern Lombardy sharecropping contracts were the preferred option. Sharecroppers normally received either half or 9/20 of the grape harvest, while some skilled peasants (like the fattore, or farm manager, and herdsmen) were paid in cash and in kind, with some receiving a barrel of grapes. On these choices and the social and economic position of sharecropping contracts in the rural economy of Eastern Lombardy, see Tedeschi (2006a, pp. 103–141) (for data showing that yields were higher in the presence of sharecropping contracts, see pp. 460–463). Please note that there are ongoing debates on this subject, and as yet there is no consensus either way on the value of sharecropping contracts: disagreements often hinge on the clauses in the contracts, which had a substantial effect on production and yields. All this obviously concerns other wine regions too. See, for example, Cohen and Galassi (1990), Galassi (1993, 1996), Luporini and Parigi (1996), Carmona and Simpson (1999), Garrett and Xu (2003), Câmara (2006), Carmona (2006), Federico (2006), Santos (2006), Finzi (2007), and Tedeschi (2017).

  7. 7.

    All data concerning the production during the post-Napoleonic period clearly show the wide fluctuations linked to variations in the grape harvest. The wine production (in hl.) in the province of Brescia was: 155,000 (1815); 80,650 (1817); 267,150 (1823); 110,700 (1828); 220,800 (1833); 98,450 (1836); 198,000 (1841); 76,100 (1843). See Tedeschi (2006a, p. 456).

  8. 8.

    For viticulture in Eastern Lombardy during the Restaurazione see Tedeschi (2006a, pp. 186–190, 313–320). For the production and trade of wine in Lombardy see also Romani (1977a). Concerning the Eastern Lombard agriculture during nineteenth century see Moioli (1978), Cova (1977), Tedeschi (2008b), and Della Valentina (1996, pp. 3–51).

  9. 9.

    Concerning changes in winemaking see, besides references quotes before, Monà (1875) and Bettoni Cazzago (1879a, b). Concerning the effects of the agrarian crisis in Eastern Lombardy see Trezzi (1974).

  10. 10.

    In the province of Brescia the anti-phylloxera consortia promoted the grafting of 144,000 new imported scions (talee), while the nursery of the main local agrarian school (Pastori) provided 513,000 scions and 195,000 small vines (barbatelle) grafted onto American vines. The nurseries of the Pastori agrarian school in Brescia and agrarian school in Grumello del Monte (and the related cooperative for the recreation of vines) supplied hundreds of thousands of new vine scions and hundreds of grafting courses were organized. See Statuto (1899), La lotta (1900), Consorzio (1922), Marengoni (1996, pp. 90–99), and Milesi (2001). About the general impact of the phylloxera on the Italian viticulture see Zaninelli (1977).

  11. 11.

    On landowners and tenants’ associations in Eastern Lombardy and their relationship with trade unions in the first decades of the twentieth century and the contracts agreed between them, see Tedeschi (1999a, pp. 190–228, 283–315, 341–350; 2002).

  12. 12.

    On agrarian schools in Eastern Lombardy (Istituto Pastori in Brescia, Colonia Agricola in Remedello and Scuola pratica di agricoltura di Grumello del Monte) and the growth in the understanding of agronomics in Eastern Lombardy, see Tedeschi (1999b, 2004, 2006b), Onger (2008), Paris (2008), Marengoni (1996, pp. 16–24), and Colombo (1909).

  13. 13.

    Data put in evidence the growth of the wine production (in hl.) in the Eastern Lombardy after the positive results against the diffusion of the phylloxera. Province of Bergamo: 60,000 (1896); 45,000 (1898); 54,000 (1899); 127,000 (1909); 71,000 (1910); 217,000 (1911); 138,000 (1912); 173,000 (1913). Province of Brescia: 100,000 (1896); 115,000 (1898); 180,000 (1899); 363,000 (1909); 229,000 (1910); 244,000 (1911); 232,000 (1912); 239,000 (1913). See Annuario Statistico Italiano (1900) and MAIC (1914, p. 24).

  14. 14.

    Since winemakers preferred to cultivate vines which produced more grapes, the schiava variety was more commonly used than marzemino, corva and groppello, which guaranteed better quality, of which the latter two were replaced by negrara. Besides, in the province of Brescia the plots planted only with vines occupied 14,650 ha., while the total surface area cultivated with vines was 27,640 ha., meaning that a substantial portion of wines were made using low quality grapes. Furthermore, there were 56 Consorzi grandinifughi in 1903, but only 20 were actually operative and able to limit the effects of hailstones (Gnaga 1904, pp. 64–65). In the province of Bergamo the situation was better because the communities with these consortia were 30 and they were all operative (Marengoni 1996, pp. 99–102).

  15. 15.

    In 1913 the total surface area dedicated exclusively to vines was for the province of Brescia 14,500 ha., and the 5-years average production was 295,000 q. of grapes, while another 15,700 ha. of plots of land planted with a combination of vines and other crops had a 5-years production of 124,000 q. of grapes. In 1917 the figures related to surface area were, respectively, 15,100 and 14,100 ha., while and they produced 224,000 and 77,000 q. The data concerning the province of Bergamo were, respectively: (1913) 4000 ha.; 143,000 q.; 6200 ha.; 82,000 (1917) 5000 ha., 200,000 q., 4000 ha., 109,000 q. See: MAIC (1914, p. 14) and Primo Annuario Generale Vinicolo illustrato (1919–1920, p. 12).

  16. 16.

    The most common varieties were: tocai, riesling, trebbiano, pinot, vernaccia, moscato, erbamat, luglienga (for white wines); brugnera, besegana, maiolina, marzemino, groppello, barbera, nebbiolo, bordò e bordonsì (for red wines). The new wine regions were: Riviera del Garda bresciano (rosso, rosso superiore and chiaretto), San Martino della Battaglia, Lugana (bianco and spumante), Botticino, Cellatica, Capriano del Colle (bianco and rosso) e Terre Franciacorta (bianco, rosso, spumante brut and rosé); Valcalepio (bianco, rosso, rosso riserva and Moscato passito), Moscato Di Scanzo. For the ‘enotechno-revolution’ and its impact on the wine sector in Eastern Lombardy, see Carugati (2012), Berlucchi (1988), Milesi (1984), Camera di Commercio (1973), Compagnoni (2000), and Marengoni (1985; 1996, pp. 114–120).

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Appendix

Appendix

See Fig. 1 and Tables 1, 2, and 3.

Fig. 1
A map highlights the wine-growing areas in Eastern Lombardy. They are Brescia, Mantova, and Bergamo. It also labels Milano toward the west.

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Eastern Lombardy winegrowing area

Table 1 Vines (in ha.) in the provinces of Bergamo (BG) and Brescia (BS) (1952–1982)
Table 2 Grape and wine production in the province of Bergamo (1952–1982)
Table 3 Grape and wine production in the province of Brescia (1952–1982)

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Tedeschi, P. (2019). The Improvement of the Production and Quality: The Case of Wine Production in the Eastern Lombardy During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Provinces of Bergamo and Brescia). In: Conca Messina, S.A., Le Bras, S., Tedeschi, P., Vaquero Piñeiro, M. (eds) A History of Wine in Europe, 19th to 20th Centuries, Volume I. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27772-7_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27772-7_8

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