Abstract
The nineteenth century was an era of ideologues whose ideas and writings dramatically changed the human condition, political relationships, and economic theories. Intellectual figures, like Giuseppe Mazzini, laid out arguments for national identities and constitutional government, and others like Joseph Ernest Renan provided problematic foundations for race theory. Arguably, no other nineteenth-century figure altered the world more than Karl Marx with his theories on economic dislocation, class conflict, and socio-political revolution. Published in 1848, the Communist Manifesto, co-authored with Friedrich Engels, laid the foundation for a revolutionary revision on the political left and the modern industrial society.
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Notes
- 1.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto (1848), online at https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm.
- 2.
For general works on the Industrial Revolution, see Lenard R. Berlanstein, ed., The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London, UK: Routledge, 1992); David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1969); Charles More, Understanding the Industrial Revolution (London, UK: Routledge, 2000). For the Luddites see Brian Bailey, The Luddite Rebellion (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
- 3.
Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); F. K. Donnelly, “Ideology and Early English Working-Class History: Edward Thompson and His Critics,” Social History 1 (May 1976), 219–238; Edward P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1980. London, UK: Penguin Books, 2013), 11.
- 4.
Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); Patrick M. Malone, Waterpower in Lowell: Engineering and Industry in Nineteenth-Century America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
- 5.
George Lichtheim, Marxism: An Historical and Critical Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 22, 24–25.
- 6.
For works on Robert Owen’s Atlantic work, see Robert A. Davis and Frank O’Hagan, Robert Owen (London, UK: Bloomsbury, 2014), ix, xiii, 59–61, 191–222; John F. C. Harrison, Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America: The Quest for the New Moral World (London, UK: Routledge, 1969), 31, 90, 126–138, 151.
- 7.
Richard T. Ely, French and German Socialism in Modern Times (London, UK: Trübner, 1883), 108–142; Pamela Pilbeam, French Socialists Before Marx: Workers, Women and the Social Question in France (Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000), 144–147, 157, 187.
- 8.
Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto.
- 9.
Mark Traugott, The French Worker: Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 1–46; Émile Zola, Germinal, trans. Peter Collier (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008), 380.
- 10.
Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto.
- 11.
Henryk Katz, The Emancipation of Labour: A History of the First International (London, UK: Greenwood Press, 1992), 1–20; Karl Marx, “Inaugural Address of the International Working Men’s Association,” reprinted in Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men’s Association, marxists.org.
- 12.
Donny Gluckstein, The Paris Commune: A Revolutionary Democracy (London, UK: Bookmarks, 2006), 235.
- 13.
For works on the Paris Commune, see Carolyn J. Eichner, Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004); Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 (London, UK: MacMillan, 1965); Robert P. Tombs, The Paris Commune, 1871 (London, UK: Longman, 1999).
- 14.
Katz, From Appomattox to Montmartre, 184–185.
- 15.
Schleiden to Rösing, July 7, 1873, Schleiden to Rösing, January 15, 1874, Rheinromantik and Civil War, 196, 200–201; Schleiden also recorded the incident in his diary: July 1, 1873, pp. 19–20, book 25, LBSH.
- 16.
Schleiden to Rösing, July 7, 1873, Schleiden to Rösing, January 15, 1874, Rheinromantik and Civil War, 196, 200–201; Schleiden also recorded the incident in his diary: July 1, 1873, pp. 19–20, book 25, LBSH; Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 202–210, 236–243.
- 17.
Ralf Hoffrogge, Sozialismus und Arbeiterbewegung in Deutschland: Von den Anfängen bis 1914 (Stuttgart, Germany: Schmetterling Verlag, 2011); Arno Klönne, Die deutsche Arbeiterbewegung: Geschichte, Ziele, Wirkungen (Düsseldorf, Germany: Diederichs, 1980); Detlef Lehnert, Sozialdemokratie zwischen Protestbewegung und Regierungspartei 1848 bis 1983 (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp, 1983).
- 18.
Edgar J. Feuchtwanger, Imperial Germany: 1850–1918 (London, UK: Routledge, 2005), 108–111, 153–154; Georg Fülberth and Jürgen Harrer, Die Deutsche Sozialdemokratie, 1890–1933 (Darmstadt, Germany: Luchterhand, 1974); Alex Hall, Scandal, Sensation and Social Democracy: The SPD Press and Wilhelmine Germany, 1890–1940 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977); Gerhard A. Ritter, Die Arbeiterbewegung im Wilhelminischen Reich: Die sozialdemokratische Partei und die freien Gewerkschaften 1890–1900 (Berlin-Dahlem, Germany: Colloquium Verlag, 1959).
- 19.
Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 85
- 20.
Ibid., 54, 57, 72.
- 21.
Ibid., 166–167.
- 22.
Michael Johns, The City of Mexico in the Age of Díaz (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997); Tyler Stovall, Transnational France: The Modern History of a Universal Nation (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2015), 133; Jeremy Tambling, “City-Theory and Writing, in Paris and Chicago: Space, Gender, Ethnicity,” in The Palgrave Handbook of Literature and the City, ed. Jeremy Tambling (London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 6.
- 23.
Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, 127, 131, 133, 144–147, 152, 165.
- 24.
Ibid., 211, 220, 222–224.
- 25.
Howard J. Wiarda, The Soul of Latin America: The Cultural and Political Tradition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 212–213, 219.
- 26.
Ibid., 219–221.
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Eichhorn, N. (2019). Industrial Reform, Progressivism, and Socialism. In: Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_15
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