Abstract
Criminal victimization has been widely described by the actions and motivations of the offender in committing the crime. This limited understanding can lead to many viewing criminal victimization as random, senseless, and unmanageable events where targets have very little input and control. While the criminal is a key player in the criminal event, the targets, third parties, the situation, and the physical setting play significant roles in influencing the criminal’s decision to proceed with the attack. Criminals have many advantages including the use of deception, but they are far from invincible. Many targets possess considerable abilities and resources to manage or prevent criminal victimization. In addition, many individuals and professional guardians are willing to help them and are capable of doing so (Fig. 1.1).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
ASIS International. (2005). Workplace violence prevention and response guideline. Alexandria, VA: ASIS International.
Borum, R., Fein, R., Vossekuil, B., & Berglund, J. (1999). Threat assessment: Defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 17, 323–337.
Center for Conflict Management. (1996). Conflict management skills. Washington, DC: Internal Revenue Service.
De Becker, G. (2002). Fear less: Real truth about risk, safety, and security in a time of terrorism. Boston, MA, Little, Brown, and Company.
Dimitrius, J., & Mazzarella, W. (2008). Reading people. New York: Ballantine Books.
Drysdale, D., Modzeleski, W., & Simons, A. (2010). Campus attacks: Targeted violence affecting institutions of higher education. Washington, DC: U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Education, and Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: Critical Incident Response Group.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Famous cases: The unabomber. Retrieved on 4/10/19 from https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/unabomber
Fein, R., Voddekuil, B., & Holden, G. (1995). Threat assessment: An approach to preventing targeted violence. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Fein, R., & Vossekuil, B. (1999). Assassinations in the United States: An operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approachers. Forensic Science, 44(2), 321–333.
Gilligan, J. (1997). Violence. New York: Random House.
Goman, C. (2011). The silent language of leaders: How body language can help or hurt. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Government Training Institute. (1998). National symposium on workplace violence. Washington, DC: Government Training Institute.
Grayson, B., & Stein, M. (2006). Attracting assault: Victims’ nonverbal clues. Journal of Communication, 31(1), 68–75.
Hinman, D., & Cook, P. (2001). A multi-disciplinary team approach to threat assessment. Journal of Threat Assessment, 1(1), 17–33.
Karmen, A. (2013). Crime victims. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Luckenbill, D. (1977). Criminal homicide as a situated transaction. Social Problems, 25, 176–186.
Musu-Gilletto, L., Zhang, A., Wang, K., Zhang, J., Kemp, J., Diliberto, M., et al. (2018). Indicators of school crime and safety 2017. US Department of Education, US Justice Department. Retrieved March 14, 2019 from https://www.nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018036.pdf
Mustaine, E., & Tewksbery, R. (1998). Predicting risks of larceny theft victimization: A routine activity analysis using refined lifestyles measures. Criminology, 36, 829–858.
National Threat Assessment Center. (2018). Enhancing school safety using a threat assessment model: An operational guide for preventing targeted school violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Secret Service.
O’Toole, M., & Bowman, A. (2012). Dangerous instincts: Use an FBI profilers tactics to avoid unsafe situations. New York: Plume.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2004). Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for health and social service workers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
Office of Victims of Crime. (2012). OVC help series for crime victims. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of justice.
Planty, M. (2002). Third-party involvement in violent crime, 1993–1999. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
Savage, D. (1990, November 14). Insane killer’s death sentence set aside. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 14, 2019 from https://www.articles.latimes.com/1990-11-14/news/mn-4169_1_death_sentence
Simon, G. (1996). In sheep’s clothing: Understanding and dealing with manipulative people. Little Rock, AR: A. J. Christopher & Company.
Taylor, R., & Harrell, A. (1996). Physical environment and crime. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2018). U.S. Department of Homeland Security soft targets and crowded places security plan. Washington, DC: DHS.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1997). The bush assassination attempt. Retrieved March 14, 2019 from https://www.oig.justice.gov/special/9704a/05bush2.htm
Wijn, R., van der Kleij, R., Kallen, V., Stekkinger, M., & de Vries, P. (2017). Telling friend from foe: Environmental cues improve detection accuracy of individuals with hostile intentions. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22, 378–399.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kenny, J.F. (2020). Stronger Than We Think: More Capable Than We Know. In: Hiding in Plain Sight. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26867-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26867-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-26866-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-26867-1
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)