Abstract
The appropriate management of a traumatic dental injury at the time of the accident is essential for ensuring the best possible outcome for the tooth and the child. Even when everything is done according to the guidelines, there are sequelae that can’t be avoided. It is the responsibility of the dentist to inform the patient and caregiver of the potential consequences and to prepare them for how these sequelae can be managed. The trauma guidelines from the International Association for Dental Traumatology provide recommendations for the frequency and type of follow-up evaluation so that the sequelae can be managed as they occur. The sequelae are present in the pulp chamber, the roots, and succedaneous tooth buds. Knowing what to expect and how to manage the consequences of traumatic dental injuries is the responsibility of the dental team.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 5th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. p. 377–412.
Andreasen FM, Pedersen BV. Prognosis of luxated permanent teeth – the development of pulp necrosis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1985;1:207–20.
Andreasen FM, Yu Z, Thomsen BL. Relationship between pulp dimensions and development of pulp necrosis after luxation injuries in the permanent dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986;2:90–8.
Croll TP, Pascon EA, Langeland K. Traumatically injured primary incisors: a clinical and histological study. ASDC J Dent Child. 1987;54:401–22.
Holan G, Fuks AB. The diagnostic value of coronal dark-gray discoloration in primary teeth following traumatic injuries. Pediatr Dent. 1996;18:224–7.
Cardoso M, Rocha MJ. Association of crown discoloration and pulp status in traumatized primary teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2010;26:413–6.
Robertson A, Andreasen FM, Andreasen JO, Norén JG. Long-term prognosis of crown-fractured permanent incisors: the effect of stage of root development and associated luxation injury. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2000;10:191–9.
Holan G, McTigue DJ. Introduction to dental trauma: Managing traumatic injuries in the primary dentition. In: Nowak AJ, Christensen JR, Mabry TR, Townsend JA, Wells MH, editors. Pediatric dentistry infancy through adolescence. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 227–43.
Simon S, Rilliard F, Berdal A, Machtou P. The use of mineral trioxide aggregate in one visit apexification treatment: A prospective study. Int Endod J. 2007;40:186–97.
Giuliani V, Baccetti T, Pace R, Pagavino G. The use of MTA in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apices. Dent Traumatol. 2002;18:217–21.
Galler KM. Clinical procedures for revitalization: current knowledge and considerations. Int Endod J. 2016;49:926–36.
Chueh LH, Huang GT. Immature teeth with periradicular periodontitis or abscess undergoing apexogenesis: a paradigm shift. J Endod. 2006;32:1205–13.
Huang GT. A paradigm shift in endodontic management of immature teeth: conservation of stem cells for regeneration. J Dent. 2008;36:379–86.
Huang GT, Sonoyama W, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang S, Shi S. The hidden treasure in apical papilla: the potential role in pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering. J Endod. 2008;34:645–51.
Shin SY, Albert JS, Mortman RE. One step pulp revascularization treatment of an immature permanent tooth with chronic apical abscess: a case report. Int Endod J. 2009;42:1118–26.
McCabe P. Revascularization of an immature tooth with apical periodontitis using a single visit protocol: a case report. Int Endod J. 2015;48:484–97.
Tong HJ, Rajan S, Bhujel N, Kang J, Duggal M, Nazzal H. Regenerative endodontic therapy in the management of nonvital immature permanent teeth: a systematic review-outcome evaluation and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2017;43:1453–64.
Torabinejad M, Nosrat A, Verma P, Udochukwu O. Regenerative endodontic treatment or mineral trioxide aggregate apical plug in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2017;43:1806–20.
Paryani K, Kim SG. Regenerative endodontic treatment of permanent teeth after completion of root development: a report of 2 cases. J Endod. 2013;39:929–34.
Saoud TM, Martin G, Chen YH, Chen KL, Chen CA, Songtrakul K. Treatment of mature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis using regenerative endodontic procedures: a case series. J Endod. 2016;42:57–65.
Bastos JV, Côrtes MI. Pulp canal obliteration after traumatic injuries in permanent teeth – scientific fact or fiction? Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:e75. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0075.
Andreasen FM, Zhijie Y, Thomsen BL, Andersen PK. Occurrence of pulp canal obliteration after luxation injuries in the permanent dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1987;3:103–15.
Oikarinen K, Gundlach KK, Pfeifer G. Late complications of luxation injuries to teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1987;3:296–303.
Lee R, Barrett EJ, Kenny DJ. Clinical outcomes for permanent incisor luxations in a pediatric population. II. Extrusions. Dent Traumatol. 2003;1:274–9.
Nikoui M, Kenny DJ, Barrett EJ. Clinical outcomes for permanent incisor luxations in a pediatric population. III. Lateral luxations. Dent Traumatol. 2003;19:280–5.
Hecova J, Tzigkounakis V, Merglova V, Netolicky J. A retrospective study of 889 injured permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2010;26:466–75.
Oginni AO, Adekoya-Sofowora CA, Kolawole KA. Evaluation of radiographs, clinical signs and symptoms associated with pulp canal obliteration: an aid to treatment decision. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:620–5.
Tronstad L. Root resorption: etiology, terminology and clinical manifestations. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1988;4:241–52.
Patel S, Ricucci D, Durak C, Tay F. Internal root resorption: a review. J Endod. 2010;36:1107–21.
Wedenberg C, Lindskop S. Experimental internal resorption in monkey teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1985;1:221–7.
Wedenberg C, Lindskog S. Evidence for a resorption inhibitor in dentine. Eur J Oral Sci. 1987;95:205–11.
Soares AJ, Gomes BPFA, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ. Relationship between clinical-radiographic evaluation and outcome of teeth replantation. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24:183–8.
Kinirons MJ, Gregg TA, Welbury RR, Cole BOI. Variations in the presenting and treatment features in reimplanted permanent incisors in children and their effect on the prevalence of root resorption. Br Dent J. 2000;189:263–6.
Soares AJ, Souza GA, Pereira AC, Vargas-Neto J, Zaia AA, Silva EJNL. Frequency of root resorption following trauma to permanent teeth. J Oral Sci. 2015;57:73–8.
Andreasen JO, Borum MK, Jacobsen HL, Andreasen FM. Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal ligament healing. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1995;11:76–89.
Souza BDM, Dutra KL, Kuntze MM, Bortoluzzi EA, Flores-Mir C, Reyes-Carmona J, Felippe WT, Porporatti AL, De Luca Canto G. Incidence of root resorption after the replantation of avulsed teeth: a meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44:1216–27.
Sjgören U, Figdor D, Spångberg L, Sundqvist G. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. Int Endod J. 1991;24:119–25.
Mohadeb JVN, Somar M, He H. Effectiveness of decoronation technique in the treatment of ankyloses: a systematic review. Dent Traumatol. 2016;32:255–63.
Fuss Z, Tsesis I, Lin S. Root resorption – diagnosis, classification and treatment choices based on stimulation factors. Dent Traumatol. 2003;19:175–82.
Andersson L, Blomlöf L, Lindskog S, Feiglin B, Hammarström L. Tooth ankyloses. Clinical, radiographic and histological assessment. Int J Oral Surg. 1984;13:423–31.
Lauridsen E, Blanche P, Yousaf N, Andreasen JO. The risk of healing complications in primary teeth with intrusive luxation-a retrospective cohort study. Dent Traumatol. 2017;33:329–36.
Borym MK, Andreasen JO. Sequelae of trauma to primary maxillary incisors. I. Complications in the primary dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14:31–44.
Lauridsen E, Blanche P, Yousaf N, Andreasen JO. The risk of healing complications in primary teeth with extrusive or lateral luxation-a retrospective cohort study. Dent Traumatol. 2017;33:307–16.
Malmgren B, Tsilingaridis G, Malmgren O. Long-term follow up of 103 ankylosed permanent incisors surgically treated with decoronation – a retrospective cohort study. Dent Traumatol. 2015;31:184–9.
Andersson L, Malmgren B. The problem of dentoalveolar ankyloses and subsequent replacement resorption in the growing patient. Aust Endod J. 1999;25:57–61.
Stanford N. Treatment of ankylosed permanent teeth. Evid Based Dent. 2010;11:44.
Malmgren B, Cvek M, Lundberg M, Frykholm A. Surgical treatment of ankylosed and infrapositioned reimplanted incisors in adolescents. Scand J Dent Res. 1984;92:391–9.
Lin S, Schwarz-Arad D, Ashkenazi M. Alveolar bone width preservation after decoronation of ankylosed anterior incisors. J Endod. 2013;39:1542–4.
Sapir S, Kalter A, Sapir MR. Decoronation of an ankylosed permanent incisor: alveolar ridge preservation and rehabilitation by an implant supported porcelain crown. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:346–9.
Cohenca N, Stabholz A. Decoronation – a conservative method to treat ankylosed teeth for preservation of alveolar ridge prior to permanent prosthetic reconstruction: literature review and case presentation. Dent Traumatol. 2007;23:87–94.
Malmgren B, Malmgren O, Andreasen JO. Alveolar bone development after decoronation of ankylosed teeth. Endod Topics. 2006;14:35–40.
Holan G, Needleman HL. Premature loss of primary anterior teeth due to trauma – potential short- and long-term sequelae. Dent Traumatol. 2014;30:100–6.
von Arx T. Developmental disturbances of permanent teeth following trauma to the primary dentition. Aust Dent J. 1993;38:1–10.
Andreasen JO, Ravn JJ. The effect of traumatic injuries to primary teeth on their permanent successors. II. A clinical and radiographic follow-up study of 213 teeth. Scand J Dent Res. 1971;79:284–94.
Sennhenn-Kirchner S, Jacobs HG. Traumatic injuries to the primary dentition and effects on the permanent successors – a clinical follow-up study. Dent Traumatol. 2006;22:237–41.
Assunção LRS, Ferelle A, Iwakura ML, Cunha RF. Effects on permanent teeth after luxation injuries to the primary predecessors: a study in children assisted at the emergency service. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:165–70.
Christophersen P, Freund M, Harild L. Avulsion of primary teeth and sequelae on the permanent successors. Dent Traumatol. 2005;21:320–3.
Altun C, Cehreli ZC, Güven G, Acikel C. Traumatic intrusion of primary teeth and its effects on the permanent successors: a clinical follow-up study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:493–8.
Skaare AB, Aas ALM, Wang NJ. Enamel defects in permanent incisors after trauma to primary predecessors: inter-observer agreement based on photographs. Dent Traumatol. 2013;29:79–83.
Ravn JJ. Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after exarticulation of their primary predecessors. Scand J Dent Res. 1975;83:131–4.
Carvalho V, Jacomo DR, Campos V. Frequency of intrusion in deciduous teeth and its effects. Dent Traumatol. 2010;26:304–7.
Ben-Bassat Y, Brin I, Fuks A, Zilberman Y. Effects of trauma to the primary incisors on permanent successors in different developmental stages. Pediatr Dent. 1985;7:37–40.
Lenzi MM, Alexandria AK, Ferreira DMTP, Maia LC. Does trauma in the primary dentition cause sequelae in permanent successors? A systematic review. Dent Traumatol. 2015;31:79–88.
Croll TP, Cavanaugh RR. Enamel color modification by controlled hydrochloric acid-pumice abrasion. II. Further examples. Quintessence Int. 1986;17:157–64.
Sundfeld RH, Franco LM, Gonçalves RS, de Alexandre RS, Machado LS, Neto DS. Accomplishing esthetics using enamel microabrasion and bleaching-a case report. Oper Dent. 2014;39:223–7.
Sundfeld RH, Sundfeld-Neto D, Machado LS, Franco LM, Fagundes TC, Briso AL. Microabrasion in tooth enamel discoloration defects: three cases with long-term follow-ups. J Appl Oral Sci. 2014;22:347–54.
Wray A, Welbury R. UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: treatment of intrinsic discoloration in permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001;11:309–15.
Croll TP, Helpin ML. Enamel microabrasion: a new approach. J Esthet Dent. 2000;12:64–71.
Torres CR, Borges AB. Color masking of developmental enamel defects: a case series. Oper Dent. 2015;40:25–33.
Alwafi A. Resin infiltration may be considered as a color-masking treatment option for enamel development defects and white spot lesions. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2017;17:113–5.
Mazur M, Westland S, Guerra F, Corridore D, Vichi M, Maruotti A, Nardi GM, Ottolenghi L. Objective and subjective aesthetic performance of icon® treatment for enamel hypomineralization lesions in young adolescents: a retrospective single center study. J Dent. 2018;68:104–8.
de Amorim CS, Americano GCA, Moliterno LFM, de Marsillac MWS, Andrade MRTC, Campos V. Frequency of crown and root dilacerations of permanent incisors after dental trauma to their predecessor teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2018;34:401–5.
Zilberman Y, Ben-Bassat Y, Lustmann J, Fuks A, Brin I. Effects of trauma to primary incisors on root development of their permanent successors. Pediatr Dent. 1986;8:289–93.
Hamasha AA, Al-Khateeb T, Darwazeh A. Prevalence of dilacerations in Jordanian Adults. Int Endod J. 2002;35:910–2.
Bodrumlu E, Gunduz K, Avsever H, Cicek E. A retrospective study of the prevalence and characteristics of root dilacerations in a sample of the Turkish population. Oral Radiol. 2013;29:27–32.
Maragakis GM. Crown dilacerations of permanent incisors following trauma to their primary predecessors. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1995;20:49–52.
Korf SR. The eruption of permanent central incisors following premature loss of their antecedents. J Dent Child. 1965;32:39–44.
Andreasen JO, Andersson L, Tsukiboshi M, Czochrowska EM. Autotransplantation of teeth to the anterior region. In: Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L, editors. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 5th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. p. 853–77.
Kafourou V, Tong HJ, Day P, Houghton N, Spencer RJ, Duggal M. Outcomes and prognostic factors that influence the success of tooth autotransplantation in children and adolescents. Dent Traumatol. 2017;33:393–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Slayton, R.L., Palmer, E.A. (2020). Sequelae and Management Options. In: Traumatic Dental Injuries in Children. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25793-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25793-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25792-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25793-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)