Abstract
With the growth of basic science studies, clinical research and updated diagnostic and imaging modalities, the subspecialty of neuro-ophthalmology has continued to evolve. Clinical updates include novel treatment approaches, new disease entities and improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology for many well-known neuro-ophthalmic diagnoses. This chapter will review these updates while focusing on clinical aspects in an effort to provide clinicians with knowledge that can be applied to everyday practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Oost W, Talma N, Meilof JF, Laman JD. Targeting senescence to delay progression of multiple sclerosis. J Mol Med. 2018;96(11):1153–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-018-1686-x.
Bove RM, Hauser SL. Diagnosing multiple sclerosis: art and science. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):109–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30461-1.
Zabad RK, Stewart R, Healey KM. Pattern recognition of the multiple sclerosis syndrome. Brain Sci. 2017;7(10):E138. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7100138.
McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(1):121–7.
Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):162–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2.
Seay M, Galetta S. Glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody: another antibody in the multiple sclerosis diagnostic mix. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(3):281–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000689.
Bizzoco E, Lolli F, Repice AM, Hakiki B, Falcini M, Barilaro A, et al. Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and phenotype distribution. J Neurol. 2009;256(11):1891–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5171-x.
Stellmann JP, Krumbholz M, Friede T, Gahlen A, Borisow N, Fischer K, et al. Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(8):639–47. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-315603.
Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2004;364(9451):2106–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17551-x.
Jarius S, Wildemann B, Paul F. Neuromyelitis optica: clinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;176(2):149–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12271.
Jung JS, Preston GM, Smith BL, Guggino WB, Agre P. Molecular structure of the water channel through aquaporin CHIP. The hourglass model. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(20):14648–54.
Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Cabre P, Carroll W, Chitnis T, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85(2):177–89. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001729.
Ketelslegers IA, Modderman PW, Vennegoor A, Killestein J, Hamann D, Hintzen RQ. Antibodies against aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica: distinction between recurrent and monophasic patients. Mult Scler. 2011;17(12):1527–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458511412995.
Narayan R, Simpson A, Fritsche K, Salama S, Pardo S, Mealy M, et al. MOG antibody disease: a review of MOG antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.025.
Brunner C, Lassmann H, Waehneldt TV, Matthieu JM, Linington C. Differential ultrastructural localization of myelin basic protein, myelin/oligodendroglial glycoprotein, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase in the CNS of adult rats. J Neurochem. 1989;52(1):296–304.
Berger T, Rubner P, Schautzer F, Egg R, Ulmer H, Mayringer I, et al. Antimyelin antibodies as a predictor of clinically definite multiple sclerosis after a first demyelinating event. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):139–45. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022328.
Reindl M, Linington C, Brehm U, Egg R, Dilitz E, Deisenhammer F, et al. Antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative study. Brain. 1999;122(11):2047–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.11.2047.
Kuhle J, Pohl C, Mehling M, Edan G, Freedman MS, Hartung H-P, et al. Lack of association between antimyelin antibodies and progression to multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(4):371–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa063602.
Mader S, Gredler V, Schanda K, Rostasy K, Dujmovic I, Pfaller K, et al. Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8(1):184. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-184.
Hamid SM, Whittam D, Saviour M, et al. Seizures and encephalitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein igg disease vs aquaporin 4 igg disease. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(1):65–71. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3196.
Jitprapaikulsan J, Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Tobin WO, Fryer JP, Weinshenker BG, et al. Aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody status predict outcome of recurrent optic neuritis. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1628–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.041.
Zhou Y, Jia X, Yang H, Chen C, Sun X, Peng L, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated demyelination: comparison between onset phenotypes. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(1):175–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13791.
Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Jitprapaikulsan J, Lopez-Chiriboga ASS, Fryer JP, Leavitt JA, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-IgG)-positive optic neuritis: clinical characteristics, radiologic clues and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;195:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.020.
Narayan RN. Atypical anti-MOG syndrome with aseptic meningoencephalitis and pseudotumor cerebri-like presentations. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;27:30–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.003.
Chalmoukou K, Alexopoulos H, Akrivou S, Stathopoulos P, Reindl M, Dalakas MC. Anti-MOG antibodies are frequently associated with steroid-sensitive recurrent optic neuritis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015;2(4):e131. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000131.
Pandit L, Mustafa S, Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Kaneko K. MOG-IgG-associated disease has a stereotypical clinical course, asymptomatic visual impairment and good treatment response. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2018;4(3):2055217318787829. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055217318787829.
Chen JJ, Aksamit AJ, McKeon A, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Leavitt JA, et al. Optic disc edema in glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody-positive meningoencephalitis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(3):276–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000593.
Liedtke W, Edelmann W, Bieri PL, Chiu FC, Cowan NJ, Kucherlapati R, et al. GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron. 1996;17(4):607–15.
Matiello M, Lennon VA, Jacob A, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Wingerchuk DM, et al. NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent optic neuritis. Neurology. 2008;70(23):2197–200. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000303817.82134.da.
Benoilid A, Tilikete C, Collongues N, Arndt C, Vighetto A, Vignal C, et al. Relapsing optic neuritis: a multicentre study of 62 patients. Mult Scler. 2014;20(7):848–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458513510223.
Peng Y, Liu L, Zheng Y, Qiao Z, Feng K, Wang J. Diagnostic implications of MOG/AQP4 antibodies in recurrent optic neuritis. Exp Ther Med. 2018;16(2):950–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6273.
Lotan I, Hellmann MA, Benninger F, Stiebel-Kalish H, Steiner I. Recurrent optic neuritis—different patterns in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody disease. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;324:115–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.010.
Saini M, Khurana D. Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2010;13(1):61–3. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.61280.
Peschl P, Bradl M, Hoftberger R, Berger T, Reindl M. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: deciphering a target in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Front Immunol. 2017;8:529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00529.
Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, et al. MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1144-2.
Soelberg K, Specovius S, Zimmermann HG, Grauslund J, Mehlsen JJ, Olesen C, et al. Optical coherence tomography in acute optic neuritis: a population-based study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;138(6):566–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13004.
Peng A, Kinoshita M, Lai W, Tan A, Qiu X, Zhang L, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in optic neuritis with MOG antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;325:69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.011.
Pache F, Zimmermann H, Mikolajczak J, Schumacher S, Lacheta A, Oertel FC, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 4: afferent visual system damage after optic neuritis in MOG-IgG-seropositive versus AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):282. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0720-6.
Stiebel-Kalish H, Lotan I, Brody J, Chodick G, Bialer O, Marignier R, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer may be better preserved in MOG-IgG versus AQP4-IgG optic neuritis: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170847.
Turcano P, Chen JJ, Bureau BL, Savica R. Early ophthalmologic features of Parkinson’s disease: a review of preceding clinical and diagnostic markers. J Neurol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9051-0.
Gelb DJ, Oliver E, Gilman S. Diagnostic criteria for parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(1):33–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.1.33.
Diederich NJ, Pieri V, Hipp G, Rufra O, Blyth S, Vaillant M. Discriminative power of different nonmotor signs in early Parkinson’s disease. A case-control study. Mov Disord. 2010;25(7):882–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22963.
Buttner T, Kuhn W, Muller T, Patzold T, Heidbrink K, Przuntek H. Distorted color discrimination in ‘de novo’ parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1995;45(2):386–7.
Bertrand JA, Bedetti C, Postuma RB, Monchi O, Genier Marchand D, Jubault T, et al. Color discrimination deficits in Parkinson’s disease are related to cognitive impairment and white-matter alterations. Mov Disord. 2012;27(14):1781–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25272.
Regan BC, Freudenthaler N, Kolle R, Mollon JD, Paulus W. Colour discrimination thresholds in Parkinson’s disease: results obtained with a rapid computer-controlled colour vision test. Vis Res. 1998;38(21):3427–31.
Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Genier Marchand D, Montplaisir JY. Parkinson risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: preparing for neuroprotective trials. Neurology. 2015;84(11):1104–13. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000001364.
Marras C, Schule B, Munhoz RP, Rogaeva E, Langston JW, Kasten M, et al. Phenotype in parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers. Neurology. 2011;77(4):325–33. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318227042d.
Buttner T, Kuhn W, Patzold T, Przuntek H. L-Dopa improves colour vision in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1994;7(1):13–9.
Ming W, Palidis DJ, Spering M, McKeown MJ. Visual contrast sensitivity in early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(13):5696–704. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20025.
Hutton JT, Morris JL, Elias JW, Varma R, Poston JN. Spatial contrast sensitivity is reduced in bilateral Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1991;41(8):1200–2.
Bodis-Wollner I, Marx MS, Mitra S, Bobak P, Mylin L, Yahr M. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Loss in spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity. Brain. 1987;110(Pt 6):1675–98.
Bulens C, Meerwaldt JD, Van der Wildt GJ, Van Deursen JB. Effect of levodopa treatment on contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1987;22(3):365–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410220313.
Blekher T, Weaver M, Rupp J, Nichols WC, Hui SL, Gray J, et al. Multiple step pattern as a biomarker in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(7):506–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.01.002.
Terao Y, Fukuda H, Ugawa Y, Hikosaka O. New perspectives on the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease as assessed by saccade performance: a clinical review. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(8):1491–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.021.
DeJong JD, Jones GM. Akinesia, hypokinesia, and bradykinesia in the oculomotor system of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 1971;32(1):58–68.
Crawford T, Goodrich S, Henderson L, Kennard C. Predictive responses in Parkinson’s disease: manual keypresses and saccadic eye movements to regular stimulus events. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(9):1033–42.
Lueck CJ, Tanyeri S, Crawford TJ, Henderson L, Kennard C. Antisaccades and remembered saccades in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(4):284–8.
Briand KA, Strallow D, Hening W, Poizner H, Sereno AB. Control of voluntary and reflexive saccades in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res. 1999;129(1):38–48.
Zackon DH, Sharpe JA. Smooth pursuit in senescence. Effects of target acceleration and velocity. Acta Otolaryngol. 1987;104(3–4):290–7.
White OB, Saint-Cyr JA, Tomlinson RD, Sharpe JA. Ocular motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease. II. Control of the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. Brain. 1983;106(Pt 3):571–87.
Shibasaki H, Tsuji S, Kuroiwa Y. Oculomotor abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1979;36(6):360–4.
Gibson JM, Pimlott R, Kennard C. Ocular motor and manual tracking in Parkinson’s disease and the effect of treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50(7):853–60.
Bares M, Brazdil M, Kanovsky P, Jurak P, Daniel P, Kukleta M, et al. The effect of apomorphine administration on smooth pursuit ocular movements in early Parkinsonian patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9(3):139–44.
Waterston JA, Barnes GR, Grealy MA, Collins S. Abnormalities of smooth eye and head movement control in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;39(6):749–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410390611.
Nowacka B, Lubinski W, Honczarenko K, Potemkowski A, Safranow K. Ophthalmological features of Parkinson disease. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:2243–9. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.890861.
Racette BA, Gokden MS, Tychsen LS, Perlmutter JS. Convergence insufficiency in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease responsive to levodopa. Strabismus. 1999;7(3):169–74.
Almer Z, Klein KS, Marsh L, Gerstenhaber M, Repka MX. Ocular motor and sensory function in Parkinson’s disease. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(1):178–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.040.
Sun L, Zhang H, Gu Z, Cao M, Li D, Chan P. Stereopsis impairment is associated with decreased color perception and worse motor performance in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Med Res. 2014;19:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783x-19-29.
Kwon KY, Kang SH, Kim M, Lee HM, Jang JW, Kim JY, et al. Nonmotor symptoms and cognitive decline in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2014;41(5):597–602. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2014.3.
Kaski D, Saifee TA, Buckwell D, Bronstein AM. Ocular tremor in Parkinson’s disease is due to head oscillation. Mov Disord. 2013;28(4):534–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25342.
Pagonabarraga J, Martinez-Horta S, Fernandez de Bobadilla R, Perez J, Ribosa-Nogue R, Marin J, et al. Minor hallucinations occur in drug-naive Parkinson’s disease patients, even from the premotor phase. Mov Disord. 2016;31(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26432.
Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Raman R, Pappert EJ, Leurgans S, Piery V. Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21(5):289–95.
Hoglinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, Kurz C, Josephs KA, Lang AE, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):853–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26987.
Respondek G, Levin J, Hoglinger GU. Progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: clinicopathological concepts and therapeutic challenges. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018;31(4):448–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000581.
Lee AG, Mader T, Gibson C, Brunstetter TJ, Tarver W. Space flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Eye (Lond). 2018;32(7):1164–7.
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, Kramer LA, Lee AG, Fogarty J, et al. Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):2058–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021.
Mader TH, Gibson CR, Otto CA, Sargsyan AE, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, et al. Persistent asymmetric optic disc swelling after long-duration space flight: implications for pathogenesis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(2):133–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000467.
Arbeille P, Fomina G, Roumy J, Alferova I, Tobal N, Herault S. Adaptation of the left heart, cerebral and femoral arteries, and jugular and femoral veins during short- and long-term head-down tilt and spaceflights. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;86(2):157–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210100473.
Lerner DJ, Chima RS, Patel K, Parmet AJ. Ultrasound guided lumbar puncture and remote guidance for potential in-flight evaluation of VIIP/SANS. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019;90(1):58–62. https://doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5170.2019.
Wasinska-Borowiec W, Aghdam KA, Saari JM, Grzybowski A. An updated review on the most common agents causing toxic optic neuropathies. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(4):586–95. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170124113826.
Miller NR, Subramanian P, Patel V. Walsh & Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology: the essentials. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. p. 325–7.
Jefferis JM, Hickman SJ. Treatment and outcomes in nutritional optic neuropathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-019-0542-9.
Chiotoroiu SM, Noaghi M, Stefaniu GI, Secureanu FA, Purcarea VL, Zemba M. Tobacco-alcohol optic neuropathy—clinical challenges in diagnosis. J Med Life. 2014;7(4):472–6.
Vieira LM, Silva NF, Dias dos Santos AM, dos Anjos RS, Pinto LA, Vicente AR, et al. Retinal ganglion cell layer analysis by optical coherence tomography in toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2015;35(3):242–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000229.
Wang MY, Sadun AA, Chan JW. Nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies. In: Chan JW, editor. Optic nerve disorders: diagnosis and management. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 177–207.
Nurieva O, Hubacek JA, Urban P, Hlusicka J, Diblik P, Kuthan P, et al. Clinical and genetic determinants of chronic visual pathway changes after methanol—induced optic neuropathy: four-year follow-up study. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019;57(6):387–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1532083.
Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P. Progressive chronic retinal axonal loss following acute methanol-induced optic neuropathy: four-year prospective cohort study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;195:246–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.08.019.
Beatty L, Green R, Magee K, Zed P. A systematic review of ethanol and fomepizole use in toxic alcohol ingestions. Emerg Med Int. 2013;2013:638057. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/638057.
Abrishami M, Khalifeh M, Shoayb M, Abrishami M. Therapeutic effects of high-dose intravenous prednisolone in methanol-induced toxic optic neuropathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2011;27(3):261–3. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2010.0145.
Kowalski T, Verma J, Greene SL, Curtin J. Methanol toxicity: a case of blindness treated with adjunctive steroids. Med J Aust. 2019;210(1):14–5.e1. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.12040.
Pakdel F, Sanjari MS, Naderi A, Pirmarzdashti N, Haghighi A, Kashkouli MB. Erythropoietin in treatment of methanol optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(2):167–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000614.
Kao R, Landry Y, Chick G, Leung A. Bilateral blindness secondary to optic nerve ischemia from severe amlodipine overdose: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-017-1374-4.
Scoville BA, De Lott LB, Trobe JD, Mueller BA. Ethambutol optic neuropathy in a hemodialysis patient receiving a guideline-recommended dose. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33(4):421–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000075. https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2013.455.
Lee J-Y, Han J, Seo JG, Park K-A, Oh SY. Diagnostic value of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer for early detection of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(3):379–84.
Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK, Flavin SM, Batts DH, Schentag JJ. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(2):159–68. https://doi.org/10.1086/345744.
Dempsey SP, Sickman A, Slagle WS. Case report: linezolid optic neuropathy and proposed evidenced-based screening recommendation. Optom Vis Sci. 2018;95(5):468–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001216.
Purvin V, Kawasaki A, Borruat FX. Optic neuropathy in patients using amiodarone. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(5):696–701. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.5.696.
Chen D, Hedges TR. Amiodarone optic neuropathy—review. Semin Ophthalmol. 2003;18(4):169–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820530390895163.
Johnson LN, Krohel GB, Thomas ER. The clinical spectrum of amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(11):1477–91.
Neufeld A, Warner J. Case of bilateral sequential nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy after rechallenge with sildenafil. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(1):123–4.
Campbell UB, Walker AM, Gaffney M, Petronis KR, Creanga D, Quinn S, et al. Acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and exposure to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Sex Med. 2015;12(1):139–51.
Flahavan EM, Li H, Gupte-Singh K, Rizk RT, Ruff DD, Francis JL, et al. Prospective case-crossover study investigating the possible association between nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor exposure. Urology. 2017;105:76–84.
Margo CE, French DD. Ischemic optic neuropathy in male veterans prescribed phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):538–9.
Nathoo NA, Etminan M, Mikelberg FS. Association between phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2015;35(1):12–5.
Gaffuri M, Cristofaletti A, Mansoldo C, Biban P. Acute onset of bilateral visual loss during sildenafil therapy in a young infant with congenital heart disease. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014204262. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-204262.
Grzybowski A, Zulsdorff M, Wilhelm H, Tonagel F. Toxic optic neuropathies: an updated review. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(5):402–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12515.
Becker DA, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. The neurological complications of nutritional deficiency following bariatric surgery. J Obes. 2012;2012:608534. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/608534.
Golnik KC, Schaible ER. Folate-responsive optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14(3):163–9.
Grzybowski A, Holder GE. Tobacco optic neuropathy (TON)—the historical and present concept of the disease. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89(5):495–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01853.x.
Wostyn P, Van Dam D, De Deyn PP. Intracranial pressure and glaucoma: is there a new therapeutic perspective on the horizon? Med Hypotheses. 2018;118:98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.026.
Berdahl JP, Allingham RR. Intracranial pressure and glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21(2):106–11.
Kim YW, Kim DW, Jeoung JW, Kim DM, Park KH. Peripheral lamina cribrosa depth in primary open-angle glaucoma: a swept-source optical coherence tomography study of lamina cribrosa. Eye. 2015;29:1368. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2015.162. https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2015162#supplementary-information.
Downs JC, Roberts MD, Burgoyne CF. The mechanical environment of the optic nerve head in glaucoma. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(6):425.
Wostyn P, De Groot V, Van Dam D, Audenaert K, De Deyn PP. Senescent changes in cerebrospinal fluid circulatory physiology and their role in the pathogenesis of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(1):5–14.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.03.003.
Silverberg GD, Mayo M, Saul T, Rubenstein E, McGuire D. Alzheimer’s disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and senescent changes in CSF circulatory physiology: a hypothesis. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(8):506–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00487-3.
Wostyn P, Killer HE, De Deyn PP. Glymphatic stasis at the site of the lamina cribrosa as a potential mechanism underlying open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45(5):539–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.12915.
Mathieu E, Gupta N, Ahari A, Zhou X, Hanna J, Yücel YH. Evidence for cerebrospinal fluid entry into the optic nerve via a glymphatic pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(11):4784–91. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-22290.
Wattjes MP, Rovira À, Miller D, Yousry TA, Sormani MP, de Stefano N, et al. MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis—establishing disease prognosis and monitoring patients. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:597. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.157.
Silver NC, Good CD, Sormani MP, MacManus DG, Thompson AJ, Filippi M, et al. A modified protocol to improve the detection of enhancing brain and spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2001;248(3):215–24.
Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Moseley IF, Kendall BE, Thompson AJ, MacManus DG, et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1996;46(2):373–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.46.2.373.
Filippi M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O, De Stefano N, Evangelou N, Kappos L, et al. MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: magnims consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(3):292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00393-2.
Sati P, Oh J, Constable RT, Evangelou N, Guttmann CR, Henry RG, et al. The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(12):714–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.166.
Maggi P, Absinta M, Grammatico M, Vuolo L, Emmi G, Carlucci G, et al. Central vein sign differentiates Multiple Sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(2):283–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25146.
Campion T, Smith RJP, Altmann DR, Brito GC, Turner BP, Evanson J, et al. FLAIR∗ to visualize veins in white matter lesions: a new tool for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? Eur Radiol. 2017;27(10):4257–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4822-z.
Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Duftner C, Besson FL, Bley TA, Blockmans D, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(5):636–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212649.
Luqmani R, Lee E, Singh S, Gillett M, Schmidt WA, Bradburn M, et al. The Role of Ultrasound Compared to Biopsy of Temporal Arteries in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (TABUL): a diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness study. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(90):1–238. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20900.
Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, Völker L, Gromnica-Ihle EJ. Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(19):1336–42. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199711063371902.
Sammel AM, Fraser CL. Update on giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(6):520–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000528.
Chrysidis S, Duftner C, Dejaco C, Schäfer VS, Ramiro S, Carrara G, et al. Definitions and reliability assessment of elementary ultrasound lesions in giant cell arteritis: a study from the OMERACT Large Vessel Vasculitis Ultrasound Working Group. RMD Open. 2018;4(1):e000598. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000598.
Duftner C, Dejaco C, Sepriano A, Falzon L, Schmidt WA, Ramiro S. Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2018;4(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000612.
Halbach C, McClelland CM, Chen J, Li S, Lee MS. Use of noninvasive imaging in giant cell arteritis. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2018;7(4):260–4. https://doi.org/10.22608/apo.2018133.
Rheaume M, Rebello R, Pagnoux C, Carette S, Clements-Baker M, Cohen-Hallaleh V, et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of scalp arteries for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: results of a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):161–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39824.
Germano G, Muratore F, Cimino L, Lo Gullo A, Possemato N, Macchioni P, et al. Is colour duplex sonography-guided temporal artery biopsy useful in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis? A randomized study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(3):400–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu241.
Craven A, Robson J, Ponte C, Grayson PC, Suppiah R, Judge A, et al. ACR/EULAR-endorsed study to develop Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Vasculitis (DCVAS). Clin Exp Nephrol. 2013;17(5):619–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-013-0854-0.
Vincent A, Huda S, Cao M, Cetin H, Koneczny I, Rodriguez-Cruz P, et al. Serological and experimental studies in different forms of myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1413(1):143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13592.
Gilhus NE, Skeie GO, Romi F, Lazaridis K, Zisimopoulou P, Tzartos S. Myasthenia gravis—autoantibody characteristics and their implications for therapy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(5):259–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.44.
Fortin E, Cestari DM, Weinberg DH. Ocular myasthenia gravis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(6):477–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000526.
Provenzano C, Marino M, Scuderi F, Evoli A, Bartoccioni E. Anti-acetylcholinesterase antibodies associate with ocular myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;218(1–2):102–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.11.004.
Binks S, Vincent A, Palace J. Myasthenia gravis: a clinical-immunological update. J Neurol. 2016;263(4):826–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7963-5.
Eng H, Lefvert AK. Isolation of an antiidiotypic antibody with acetylcholine-receptor-like binding properties from myasthenia gravis patients. Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol. 1988;139(5):569–80.
Rodgaard A, Nielsen FC, Djurup R, Somnier F, Gammeltoft S. Acetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis: predominance of IgG subclasses 1 and 3. Clin Exp Immunol. 1987;67(1):82–8.
Higuchi O, Hamuro J, Motomura M, Yamanashi Y. Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):418–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22312.
Zhang B, Tzartos JS, Belimezi M, Ragheb S, Bealmear B, Lewis RA, et al. Autoantibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4 in patients with double-seronegative myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(4):445–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.2393.
Achilli A, Iommarini L, Olivieri A, Pala M, Hooshiar Kashani B, Reynier P, et al. Rare primary mitochondrial DNA mutations and probable synergistic variants in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42242. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042242.
Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ. Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(10):1023–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00145-3.
Tsivgoulis G, Dervenoulas G, Kokotis P, Zompola C, Tzartos JS, Tzartos SJ, et al. Double seronegative myasthenia gravis with low density lipoprotein-4 (LRP4) antibodies presenting with isolated ocular symptoms. J Neurol Sci. 2014;346(1–2):328–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.013.
Kerty E, Elsais A, Argov Z, Evoli A, Gilhus NE. EFNS/ENS Guidelines for the treatment of ocular myasthenia. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(5):687–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12359.
Hoch W, McConville J, Helms S, Newsom-Davis J, Melms A, Vincent A. Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Nat Med. 2001;7(3):365–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/85520.
Guptill JT, Sanders DB, Evoli A. Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(1):36–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.22006.
Stergiou C, Lazaridis K, Zouvelou V, Tzartos J, Mantegazza R, Antozzi C, et al. Titin antibodies in “seronegative” myasthenia gravis—a new role for an old antigen. J Neuroimmunol. 2016;292:108–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.01.018.
Evoli A, Alboini PE, Damato V, Iorio R, Provenzano C, Bartoccioni E, et al. Myasthenia gravis with antibodies to MuSK: an update. Anne N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1412(1):82–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13518.
Evoli A, Alboini PE, Iorio R, Damato V, Bartoccioni E. Pattern of ocular involvement in myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(9):761–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-315782.
Wong SH, Huda S, Vincent A, Plant GT. Ocular myasthenia gravis: controversies and updates. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;14(1):421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0421-9.
Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science (New York, NY). 1991;254(5035):1178–81.
Rao HL, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA, Alencar LM, Medeiros FA. Comparison of different spectral domain optical coherence tomography scanning areas for glaucoma diagnosis. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(9):1692–9, 9.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.031.
Savini G, Bellusci C, Carbonelli M, Zanini M, Carelli V, Sadun AA, et al. Detection and quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in optic disc edema using stratus OCT. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(8):1111–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.8.1111.
Lee MJ, Abraham AG, Swenor BK, Sharrett AR, Ramulu PY. Application of optical coherence tomography in the detection and classification of cognitive decline. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2018;12(1):10–8. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1238.
Kardon RH. Role of the macular optical coherence tomography scan in neuro-ophthalmology. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011;31(4):353–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e318238b9cb.
Saidha S, Al-Louzi O, Ratchford JN, Bhargava P, Oh J, Newsome SD, et al. Optical coherence tomography reflects brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a four-year study. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(5):801–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24487.
Winges KM, Werner JS, Harvey DJ, Cello KE, Durbin MK, Balcer LJ, et al. Baseline retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular volume quantified by OCT in the north american phase 3 fingolimod trial for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33(4):322–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e31829c51f7.
Werner JS, Keltner JL, Zawadzki RJ, Choi SS. Outer retinal abnormalities associated with inner retinal pathology in nonglaucomatous and glaucomatous optic neuropathies. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(3):279–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2010.218.
La Morgia C, Barboni P, Rizzo G, Carbonelli M, Savini G, Scaglione C, et al. Loss of temporal retinal nerve fibers in Parkinson disease: a mitochondrial pattern? Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(1):198–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03701.x.
Roth NM, Saidha S, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Isensee J, Benkhellouf-Rutkowska A, et al. Photoreceptor layer thinning in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29(9):1163–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25896.
Archibald NK, Clarke MP, Mosimann UP, Burn DJ. Visual symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Mov Disord. 2011;26(13):2387–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23891.
Garcia-Martin E, Satue M, Otin S, Fuertes I, Alarcia R, Larrosa JM, et al. Retina measurements for diagnosis of Parkinson disease. Retina (Phila). 2014;34(5):971–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000000028.
Satue M, Obis J, Rodrigo MJ, Otin S, Fuertes MI, Vilades E, et al. Optical coherence tomography as a biomarker for diagnosis, progression, and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:8503859. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8503859.
Garcia-Martin E, Pablo LE, Bambo MP, Alarcia R, Polo V, Larrosa JM, et al. Comparison of peripapillary choroidal thickness between healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177163. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177163.
Hagag AM, Gao SS, Jia Y, Huang D. Optical coherence tomography angiography: technical principles and clinical applications in ophthalmology. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2017;7(3):115–29. https://doi.org/10.4103/tjo.tjo_31_17.
Schmetterer L, Garhofer G. How can blood flow be measured? Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52(Suppl 2):S134–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.008.
Jia Y, Wei E, Wang X, Zhang X, Morrison JC, Parikh M et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Optic Disc Perfusion in Glaucoma. Ophthalmol. 2014;121(7):1322–32. https://doi.org/j.ophtha.2014.01.02.
Chen JJ, AbouChehade JE, Iezzi R Jr, Leavitt JA, Kardon RH. Optical coherence angiographic demonstration of retinal changes from chronic optic neuropathies. Neuroophthalmology. 2017;41(2):76–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2016.1275703.
Spain RI, Liu L, Zhang X, Jia Y, Tan O, Bourdette D, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography enhances the detection of optic nerve damage in multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(4):520–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310477.
Wang X, Jia Y, Spain R, Potsaid B, Liu JJ, Baumann B, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic nerve head and parafovea in multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(10):1368–73. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304547.
Higashiyama T, Nishida Y, Ohji M. Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with good visual acuity recovery after treatment for optic neuritis. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0172168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172168.
Takayama K, Ito Y, Kaneko H, Kataoka K, Ra E, Terasaki H. Optical coherence tomography angiography in leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(4):e344–e5. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13244.
Kousal B, Kolarova H, Meliska M, Bydzovsky J, Diblik P, Kulhanek J, et al. Peripapillary microcirculation in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97(1):e71–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13817.
Borrelli E, Balasubramanian S, Triolo G, Barboni P, Sadda SR, Sadun AA. Topographic macular microvascular changes and correlation with visual loss in chronic leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;192:217–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.05.029.
Hall S, Persellin S, Lie JT, O’Brien PC, Kurland LT, Hunder GG. The therapeutic impact of temporal artery biopsy. Lancet. 1983;2(8361):1217–20.
Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, Klearman M, Aringer M, Blockmans D, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):317–28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1613849.
Langford CA, Cuthbertson D, Ytterberg SR, Khalidi N, Monach PA, Carette S, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of abatacept (CTLA-4Ig) for the treatment of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(4):837–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40044.
Mulero P, Midaglia L, Montalban X. Ocrelizumab: a new milestone in multiple sclerosis therapy. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018;11:1756286418773025. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286418773025.
Falsini B, Chiaretti A, Rizzo D, Piccardi M, Ruggiero A, Manni L, et al. Nerve growth factor improves visual loss in childhood optic gliomas: a randomized, double-blind, phase II clinical trial. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 2):404–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv366.
Pandit R, Paris L, Rudich DS, Lesser RL, Kupersmith MJ, Miller NR. Long-term efficacy of fractionated conformal radiotherapy for the management of primary optic nerve sheath meningioma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313135.
Carelli V, Carbonelli M, de Coo IF, Kawasaki A, Klopstock T, Lagreze WA, et al. International consensus statement on the clinical and therapeutic management of leber hereditary optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(4):371–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000570.
Mashima Y, Hiida Y, Oguchi Y. Remission of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy with idebenone. Lancet (London). 1992;340(8815):368–9.
Carelli V, La Morgia C, Valentino ML, Rizzo G, Carbonelli M, De Negri AM, et al. Idebenone treatment in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):e188. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr180.
Klopstock T, Yu-Wai-Man P, Dimitriadis K, Rouleau J, Heck S, Bailie M, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of idebenone in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):2677–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr170.
Manickam AH, Michael MJ, Ramasamy S. Mitochondrial genetics and therapeutic overview of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65(11):1087–92. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_358_17.
Yu-Wai-Man P. Genetic manipulation for inherited neurodegenerative diseases: myth or reality? Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(10):1322–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308329.
Manfredi G, Fu J, Ojaimi J, Sadlock JE, Kwong JQ, Guy J, et al. Rescue of a deficiency in ATP synthesis by transfer of MTATP6, a mitochondrial DNA-encoded gene, to the nucleus. Nat Genet. 2002;30(4):394–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng851.
Guy J, Qi X, Pallotti F, Schon EA, Manfredi G, Carelli V, et al. Rescue of a mitochondrial deficiency causing Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(5):534–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10354.
Perales-Clemente E, Fernandez-Silva P, Acin-Perez R, Perez-Martos A, Enriquez JA. Allotopic expression of mitochondrial-encoded genes in mammals: achieved goal, undemonstrated mechanism or impossible task? Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(1):225–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq769.
Feuer WJ, Schiffman JC, Davis JL, Porciatti V, Gonzalez P, Koilkonda RD, et al. Gene therapy for leber hereditary optic neuropathy: initial results. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(3):558–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.025.
Wan X, Pei H, Zhao MJ, Yang S, Hu WK, He H, et al. Efficacy and safety of rAAV2-ND4 treatment for Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21587. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21587.
Yang S, Ma SQ, Wan X, He H, Pei H, Zhao MJ, et al. Long-term outcomes of gene therapy for the treatment of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. EBioMedicine. 2016;10:258–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.002.
Hyslop LA, Blakeley P, Craven L, Richardson J, Fogarty NME, Fragouli E, et al. Towards clinical application of pronuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA disease. Nature. 2016;534(7607):383–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18303.
Jurkute N, Yu-Wai-Man P. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: bridging the translational gap. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(5):403–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000410.
Kang E, Wu J, Gutierrez NM, Koski A, Tippner-Hedges R, Agaronyan K, et al. Mitochondrial replacement in human oocytes carrying pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Nature. 2016;540(7632):270–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20592.
Rowe F, Brand D, Jackson CA, Price A, Walker L, Harrison S, et al. Visual impairment following stroke: do stroke patients require vision assessment? Age Ageing. 2009;38(2):188–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn230.
Ghannam ASB, Subramanian PS. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of cerebrovascular accidents. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):564–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000414.
Zhang X, Kedar S, Lynn MJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Natural history of homonymous hemianopia. Neurology. 2006;66(6):901–5. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000203338.54323.22.
Mansouri B, Roznik M, Rizzo JF 3rd, Prasad S. Rehabilitation of visual loss: where we are and where we need to be. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(2):223–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000594.
Mueller I, Mast H, Sabel BA. Recovery of visual field defects: a large clinical observational study using vision restoration therapy. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2007;25(5–6):563–72.
Paggiaro A, Birbaumer N, Cavinato M, Turco C, Formaggio E, Del Felice A, et al. Magnetoencephalography in stroke recovery and rehabilitation. Front Neurol. 2016;7:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00035.
Henriksson L, Raninen A, Nasanen R, Hyvarinen L, Vanni S. Training-induced cortical representation of a hemianopic hemifield. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(1):74–81. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.099374.
Eysel UT. Perilesional cortical dysfunction and reorganization. Adv Neurol. 1997;73:195–206.
Sincich LC, Park KF, Wohlgemuth MJ, Horton JC. Bypassing V1: a direct geniculate input to area MT. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(10):1123–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1318.
Darian-Smith C, Gilbert CD. Axonal sprouting accompanies functional reorganization in adult cat striate cortex. Nature. 1994;368(6473):737–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/368737a0.
Davies JM, Hopkins LN. Neuroendovascular intervention: evolving at the intersection of neurosurgery and neuro-ophthalmology. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(2):111–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000517.
Micieli JA, Newman NJ, Barrow DL, Biousse V. Intracranial aneurysms of neuro-ophthalmologic relevance. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(4):421–39. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000515.
La Pira B, Brinjikji W, Hunt C, Chen JJ, Lanzino G. Reversible edema-like changes along the optic tract following pipeline-assisted coiling of a large anterior communicating artery aneurysm. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(2):154–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000412.
Griessenauer CJ, Piske RL, Baccin CE, Pereira BJ, Reddy AS, Thomas AJ, et al. Flow diverters for treatment of 160 ophthalmic segment aneurysms: evaluation of safety and efficacy in a multicenter cohort. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(5):726–32.
Adeeb N, Griessenauer CJ, Foreman PM, Moore JM, Motiei-Langroudi R, Chua MH, et al. Comparison of stent-assisted coil embolization and the pipeline embolization device for endovascular treatment of ophthalmic segment aneurysms: a multicenter cohort study. World Neurosurg. 2017;105:206–12.
Zu QQ, Liu XL, Wang B, Zhou CG, Xia JG, Zhao LB et al. Recovery of oculomotor nerve palsy after endovascular treatment of ruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Neuroradiol. 2017;59(11):1165–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-017-1909-9.
Hall S, Sadek A-R, Dando A, Grose A, Dimitrov BD, Millar J, et al. The resolution of oculomotor nerve palsy caused by unruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysms: a cohort study and narrative review. World Neurosurg. 2017;107:581–7.
Liu KC, Starke RM, Durst CR, Wang TR, Ding D, Crowley RW, et al. Venous sinus stenting for reduction of intracranial pressure in IIH: a prospective pilot study. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(5):1126–33.
Matloob SA, Toma AK, Thompson SD, Gan CL, Robertson F, Thorne L, et al. Effect of venous stenting on intracranial pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochir. 2017;159(8):1429–37.
Dinkin MJ, Patsalides A. Venous sinus stenting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: results of a prospective trial. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(2):113–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000000426.
Miyachi S, Hiramatsu R, Ohnishi H, Takahashi K, Kuroiwa T. Endovascular treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with stenting of the transverse sinus stenosis. Neurointervention. 2018;13(2):138–43. https://doi.org/10.5469/neuroint.2018.00990.
Nicholson P, Brinjikji W, Radovanovic I, Hilditch CA, Tsang ACO, Krings T, et al. Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019;11(4):380–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014172.
Leishangthem L, Sir Deshpande P, Dua D, Satti SR. Dural venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an updated review. J Neuroradiol. 2019;46(2):148–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurad.2018.09.001.
Fargen KM, Liu K, Garner RM, Greeneway GP, Wolfe SQ, Crowley RW. Recommendations for the selection and treatment of patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension for venous sinus stenting. J Neurointerv Surg. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014042.
Asif H, Craven CL, Siddiqui AH, Shah SN, Matloob SA, Thorne L, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: 120-day clinical, radiological, and manometric outcomes after stent insertion into the dural venous sinus. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(3):723–31. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.4.Jns162871.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vuppala, AA.D., Miller, N.R. (2020). Clinical Updates and Recent Developments in Neuro-Ophthalmology. In: Grzybowski, A. (eds) Current Concepts in Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25389-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25389-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25388-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25389-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)