Skip to main content

Debunking Enhanced Recovery Protocols in Colorectal Surgery: Minimal Requirements for Maximum Benefit

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1243 Accesses

Abstract

Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) are established “order sets” covering the entire patient surgical experience. ERPs eliminate outdated perioperative care principles, reduce physiological stress and postoperative organ dysfunction, and implement evidence-based innovations to expedite recovery. Since their introduction in the 1990s, ERPs have been proven to reduce the time to recovery, postoperative complications, hospital length of stay, use of postdischarge nursing care, and healthcare utilization with no increase in readmission or reoperation rates. While there is solid support for ERP, awareness and use are still not unanimous. Full implementation and compliance with protocols are a distinct process that requires planning and participation of the entire surgical team, institution, and patient. Using a stepwise approach, the steps and minimal requirements for successful incorporation of ERP into practice can be applied by surgeons performing colorectal surgery for maximum benefit.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Keller DS, Bankwitz B, Woconish D, Champagne BJ, Reynolds HL Jr, Stein SL, et al. Predicting who will fail early discharge after laparoscopic colorectal surgery with an established enhanced recovery pathway. Surg Endosc. 2014;28:74–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:606–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg. 2002;183:630–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wilmore DW, Kehlet H. Management of patients in fast track surgery. BMJ. 2001;322:473–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg. 2008;248:189–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(3):292–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maessen J, Dejong CH, Hausel J, Nygren J, Lassen K, Andersen J, et al. A protocol is not enough to implement an enhanced recovery programme for colorectal resection. Br J Surg. 2007;94:224–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Greer NL, Gunnar WP, Dahm P, Lee AE, MacDonald R, Shaukat A, et al. Enhanced recovery protocols for adults undergoing colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61:1108–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Visioni A, Shah R, Gabriel E, Attwood K, Kukar M, Nurkin S. Enhanced recovery after surgery for noncolorectal surgery?: a systematic review and meta-analysis of major abdominal surgery. Ann Surg. 2018;267:57–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lau CS, Chamberlain RS. Enhanced recovery after surgery programs improve patient outcomes and recovery: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2017;41:899–913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hogan C, Barry M, Burke M, Joyce P. Healthcare professionals’ experiences of the implementation of integrated care pathways. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2011;24:334–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Keller DS, Delaney CP, Senagore AJ, Feldman LS, Task Force SAGESSMART. Uptake of enhanced recovery practices by SAGES members: a survey. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(9):3519–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. McLeod RS, Aarts MA, Chung F, Eskicioglu C, Forbes SS, Conn LG, et al. Development of an enhanced recovery after surgery guideline and implementation strategy based on the knowledge-to-action cycle. Ann Surg. 2015;262:1016–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Francis NK, Walker T, Carter F Hübner M, Balfour A, Jakobsen DH, et al. Consensus on training and implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery: a Delphi Study. World J Surg. 2018;42:1919–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brady KM, Keller DS, Delaney CP. Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery pathway: the nurse’s role. AORN J. 2015;102:469–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pearsall EA, Meghji Z, Pitzul KB, Aarts MA, McKenzie M, McLeod RS, et al. A qualitative study to understand the barriers and enablers in implementing an enhanced recovery after surgery program. Ann Surg. 2015;261:92–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gotlib Conn L, McKenzie M, Pearsall EA, McLeod RS. Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme for elective colorectal surgery: a process evaluation of champions’ experiences. Implement Sci. 2015;10:99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Hübner M, Addor V, Slieker J, Griesser AC, Lécureux E, Blanc C, et al. The impact of an enhanced recovery pathway on nursing workload: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2015;24:45–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stone AB, Grant MC, Pio Roda C, Hobson D, Pawlik T, Wu CL, et al. Implementation costs of an enhanced recovery after surgery program in the United States: a financial model and sensitivity analysis based on experiences at a Quaternary Academic Medical Center. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222:219–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee L, Mata J, Ghitulescu GA, Boutros M, Charlebois P, Stein B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of enhanced recovery versus conventional perioperative management for colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 2015;262:1026–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Porter ME. What is value in health care. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2477–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Owens DK, Qaseem A, Chou R, Shekelle P, Clinical GCOTACOP. High-value, cost-conscious health care: concepts for clinicians to evaluate the benefits, harms, and costs of medical interventions. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:174–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lemanu DP, Singh PP, Stowers MD, Hill AG. A systematic review to assess cost effectiveness of enhanced recovery after surgery programmes in colorectal surgery. Color Dis. 2014;16:338–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee L, Li C, Landry T, Latimer E, Carli F, Fried GM, et al. A systematic review of economic evaluations of enhanced recovery pathways for colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 2014;259:670–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jung AD, Dhar VK, Hoehn RS, Atkinson SJ, Johnson BL, Rice T, et al. Enhanced recovery after colorectal surgery: can we afford not to use it. J Am Coll Surg. 2018;226:586–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Thiele RH, Rea KM, Turrentine FE, Friel CM, Hassinger TE, McMurry TL, et al. Standardization of care: impact of an enhanced recovery protocol on length of stay, complications, and direct costs after colorectal surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220:430–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Miller TE, Thacker JK, White WD, Mantyh C, Migaly J, Jin J, et al. Reduced length of hospital stay in colorectal surgery after implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:1052–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ren L, Zhu D, Wei Y, Pan X, Liang L, Xu J, et al. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program attenuates stress and accelerates recovery in patients after radical resection for colorectal cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2012;36:407–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Roulin D, Donadini A, Gander S, Griesser AC, Blanc C, Hübner M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol for colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2013;100:1108–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nelson G, Kiyang LN, Chuck A, Thanh NX, Gramlich LM. Cost impact analysis of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery program implementation in Alberta colon cancer patients. Curr Oncol. 2016;23:e221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Thanh NX, Chuck AW, Wasylak T, Lawrence J, Faris P, Ljungqvist O, et al. An economic evaluation of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) multisite implementation program for colorectal surgery in Alberta. Can J Surg. 2016;59:415–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. SAGES SMART Enhanced Recovery Program. https://www.sages.org/smart-enhanced-recovery-program/.

  33. Sjöstedt L, Hellström R, Stomberg MW. Patients’ need for information prior to colonic surgery. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2011;34:390–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Alawadi ZM, Leal I, Phatak UR, Flores-Gonzalez JR, Holihan JL, Karanjawala BE, et al. Facilitators and barriers of implementing enhanced recovery in colorectal surgery at a safety net hospital: a provider and patient perspective. Surgery. 2016;159:700–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Keller DS, Chand M. Increasing patient engagement to move enhanced recovery forward. Ann Laparosc Endosc Surg. 2017;2:155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kiran RP, Murray AC, Chiuzan C, Estrada D, Forde K. Combined preoperative mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics significantly reduces surgical site infection, anastomotic leak, and ileus after colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 2015;262:416–25; discussion 423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Klinger AL, Green H, Monlezun DJ, Beck D, Kann B, Vargas HD, et al. The role of Bowel preparation in colorectal surgery: results of the 2012-2015 ACS-NSQIP Data. Ann Surg. 2019;269(4):671–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gillis C, Li C, Lee L, Awasthi R, Augustin B, Gamsa A, et al. Prehabilitation versus rehabilitation: a randomized control trial in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer. Anesthesiology. 2014;121:937–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Carli F, Zavorsky GS. Optimizing functional exercise capacity in the elderly surgical population. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8:23–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Barberan-Garcia A, Ubré M, Roca J, Lacy AM, Burgos F, Risco R, et al. Personalised prehabilitation in high-risk patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery: a Randomized Blinded Controlled Trial. Ann Surg. 2018;267:50–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Berian JR, Ban KA, Liu JB, Sullivan CL, Ko CY, Thacker JKM, et al. Association of an enhanced recovery pilot with length of stay in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. JAMA Surg. 2018;153:358–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. ERAS Society. Interactive Audit. https://www.encare.net/healthcare-professionals/products-and-services/eras-interactive-audit-system-eias.

  43. Grant MC, Galante DJ, Hobson DB, Lavezza A, Friedman M, Wu CL, et al. Optimizing an enhanced recovery pathway program: development of a postimplementation audit strategy. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2017;43:524–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Keller DS, Stulberg JJ, Lawrence JK, Delaney CP. Process control to measure process improvement in colorectal surgery: modifications to an established enhanced recovery pathway. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:194–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. ERAS Compliance Group. The impact of enhanced recovery protocol compliance on elective colorectal cancer resection: results from an International Registry. Ann Surg. 2015;261:1153–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Gustafsson UO, Hausel J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O, Soop M, Nygren J. Adherence to the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Arch Surg. 2011;146:571–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Roulin D, Muradbegovic M, Addor V, Blanc C, Demartines N, Hübner M. Enhanced recovery after elective colorectal surgery – reasons for non-compliance with the protocol. Dig Surg. 2017;34:220–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Martin D, Roulin D, Addor V, Blanc C, Demartines N, Hübner M. Enhanced recovery implementation in colorectal surgery-temporary or persistent improvement. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2016;401:1163–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Keller, D.S., Lee, L. (2020). Debunking Enhanced Recovery Protocols in Colorectal Surgery: Minimal Requirements for Maximum Benefit. In: Sylla, P., Kaiser, A., Popowich, D. (eds) The SAGES Manual of Colorectal Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24812-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24812-3_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24811-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24812-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics