Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law 2018 pp 91–118Cite as

International Water Cooperation in Europe: Lessons for the Nile Basin Countries?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law ((EtYIL,volume 2018))

Abstract

The construction of the “Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam” (GERD) could be a catalyst for a general paradigm shift in relations between the countries of the Nile basin. Changing power constellations between upstream and downstream riparians not only challenge long-standing claims to the river’s water resources, but also offer the opportunity to establish a truly basin-wide legal framework for the resolution of water disputes or even for the common management of the Nile for the mutual benefit of all riparians. In this respect, contemporary international water law offers valuable guidance for the development of substantive and procedural rules. Furthermore, experiences made in transboundary river basins in other regions of the world could provide inspiration to Nile riparians to devise their own solutions tailored to their specific needs. To this end, this article explores efforts made by riparians in European river basins—failures and successes alike—to solve their water-related conflicts. On this basis, it is suggested that some essential “lessons learned” in Europe are useful for fostering international water cooperation between the riparian countries of the Nile basin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Salman (2017a), pp. 3 et seq. and p. 21.

  2. 2.

    Salman (2017a), pp. 10 et seq.

  3. 3.

    For a comprehensive discussion of the GERD from the perspectives of law, political science, economics and hydrology see generally Yihdego et al. (2017).

  4. 4.

    Salman (2017b), pp. 42 and 57.

  5. 5.

    Ezega News (2017) Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Generation Capacity Revised Up to 6450 MW (25 February 2017), www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3978/Ethiopian-Renaissance-Dam-Generation-Capacity-Revised-Up-to-6-450MW (this and the following links were last accessed on 3 March 2019).

  6. 6.

    See generally Yihdego et al. (2017).

  7. 7.

    Lazarus (2018) Is Ethiopia Taking Control of the River Nile? CNN (21 October 2018), https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/19/africa/ethiopia-new-dam-threatens-egypts-water/index.html.

  8. 8.

    Especially in the arid regions of Southern Europe, however, transboundary conflicts—for example between Spain and Portugal—over water quantity are a matter of concern. See, e.g., Burgen (2017) Tagus river at risk of drying up completely. The Guardian (14 August 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/14/tagus-river-at-risk-of-drying-up-completely. In this respect see also Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Waters of the Spanish-Portuguese Hydrographic Basins between Spain and Portugal, signed in Albufeira on 30 November 1998, in force 17 January 2000, 2099 UNTS 275.

  9. 9.

    It remains to be seen to which extent the increase of both aridity and floods due to climate change will intensify international conflicts over water quantity on the European continent.

  10. 10.

    For the following see generally Salman (2017a), p. 19 et seq.

  11. 11.

    Exchange of Notes between the United Kingdom and Egypt in regard to the Uses of Waters of the River Nile for Irrigation Purposes, 7 May 1929, 93 LNTS 44.

  12. 12.

    Paragraph 4(ii) 1929 Britain Egypt/Agreement.

  13. 13.

    Agreement between the United Arab Republic and the Republic of Sudan for the Full Utilization of Nile Waters, 8 November 159, 453 UNTS 51.

  14. 14.

    See Salman (2017a), p. 22 et seq.

  15. 15.

    See Salman (2017a), p. 25 et seq.

  16. 16.

    See Salman (2017a), p. 26.

  17. 17.

    See infra Sect. 4.2.

  18. 18.

    See Salman (2017a), p. 27 et seq.

  19. 19.

    For the following see Salman (2017a), p. 30 et seq.

  20. 20.

    See generally Salman (2017a).

  21. 21.

    Zamparutti (2012), p. 6.

  22. 22.

    Vogel et al. (2012), p. 158.

  23. 23.

    ICJ, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment, 1997 ICJ Rep 7. See generally, e.g., Steck and Eckstein (1997), pp. 41–50; Sands (1998), pp. 103–107.

  24. 24.

    Nollkaemper (1996), p. 153.

  25. 25.

    International Commission on the Protection of the Rhine, https://www.iksr.org/en/.

  26. 26.

    Signed in Berne on 29 April 1963, in force 1 May 1965, 994 UNTS 3.

  27. 27.

    Lammers (1984), p. 175; Birnie et al. (2009), p. 573.

  28. 28.

    Signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976, in force 5 July 1985, 1404 UNTS 90.

  29. 29.

    Signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976, in force 1 February 1979, 1124 UNTS 375.

  30. 30.

    For the negotiation and ratification process of the 1976 Rhine Chlorides Convention with a focus on its economic background see Bernauer (1995), pp. 369–390.

  31. 31.

    Preamble recital 4 1976 Rhine Chlorides Convention.

  32. 32.

    Article 7(2) 1976 Rhine Chlorides Convention.

  33. 33.

    de Villeneuve (1996), pp. 447–448.

  34. 34.

    Exchanges of letters constituting an amendment to the 1976 Rhine Chemical Convention, dated at Neuilly on 29 April 1983, at Bonn on 4 May 1983, at The Hague on 4 May 1983, at Luxembourg on 13 May 1983 and at Berne on 13 May 1983, 1404 UNTS 99.

  35. 35.

    Additional Protocol to the 1976 Rhine Chlorides Convention, concluded at Brussels on 25 September 1991, 1840 UNTS 372.

  36. 36.

    1991 Additional Protocol to the 1976 Rhine Chlorides Convention.

  37. 37.

    Article 4 in conjunction with Annex III 1991 Additional Protocol to the 1976 Rhine Chlorides Convention.

  38. 38.

    Case Concerning the Auditing of Accounts between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the French Republic Pursuant to the Additional Protocol of 25 September 1991 to the Convention of the Rhine Against Pollution by Chlorides of 3 December 1976, Arbitral Award of 12 March 2004, 25 RIAA 267. See Boisson de Chazournes (2008), pp. 1–15; Salman (2006), pp. 5–6.

  39. 39.

    Article 1(a) in conjunction with Annex I 1976 Rhine Chemical Convention.

  40. 40.

    Articles 3, 4, 5 and 14 1976 Rhine Chemical Convention.

  41. 41.

    Articles 1(b), 3, 4 and 6 1976 Rhine Chemical Convention.

  42. 42.

    Article 11 1976 Rhine Chemical Convention.

  43. 43.

    Nollkaemper (1996), p. 155.

  44. 44.

    Reichert (2005), p. 141.

  45. 45.

    Lammers (1984), p. 196; de Villeneuve (1996), p. 450.

  46. 46.

    See generally Schwabach (1989).

  47. 47.

    This section is based on Reichert (2016), pp. 12–14.

  48. 48.

    ICPR (2003), pp. 5–7.

  49. 49.

    Ibid., p. 9.

  50. 50.

    Ibid., p. 19.

  51. 51.

    Wieriks (1998), pp. 127–128.

  52. 52.

    ICPR (2003), p. 7.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., pp. 8–9, 16 and 26.

  54. 54.

    For the following see Irmer (1998), pp. 113–119.

  55. 55.

    See generally Reichert (2016), pp. 15–21.

  56. 56.

    The Dublin Statement on Water and Development, International Conference on Water and the Environment, Dublin, Ireland, 26–31 January 1992, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/documents/english/icwedece.html.

  57. 57.

    Agenda 21, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3–14 June 1992, UN Doc. A/CONF/151/26 (Vol. II), http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-2.htm.

  58. 58.

    See generally Reichert (2016), pp. 20–21.

  59. 59.

    Signed in Helsinki on 17 March 1992, in force 6 October 1996, 1936 UNTS 269. See generally Reichert (2016), pp. 21–24.

  60. 60.

    See UNECE website, http://www.unece.org/env/water/.

  61. 61.

    See UNECE Press Release of 13 October 2015, http://www.unece.org/info/media/presscurrent-press-h/environment/2015/ukraine-paves-the-way-for-globalising-the-water-convention/doc.html; see generally Trombitcaia and Koeppel (2015).

  62. 62.

    See United Nations Treaty Collection website, https://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280044685.

  63. 63.

    Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, signed in London on 17 June 1999, in force 4 August 2005, 38 ILM 1708 (1999).

  64. 64.

    Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes and to the 1992 Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, signed in Kiev on 21 May 2003, not in force, http://www.unece.org/env/civil-liability/welcome.html.

  65. 65.

    See http://www.unece.org/env/water/publications/pub.html.

  66. 66.

    Articles 17–19 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  67. 67.

    Article 9(1) 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  68. 68.

    Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube (1994 Danbube Convention), signed in Sofia on 29 June 1994, in force 22 October 1998, 1997 O.J. (L 342) 19.

  69. 69.

    Convention on the International Commission for the Protection of the Oder (1996 Oder Convention), signed in Wroclaw on 11 April 1996, in force 26 April 1999, 1998 O.J. (C 316) 6.

  70. 70.

    Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999 Rhine Convention), signed in Berne on 12 April 1999, in force 16 November 2000, 2000 O.J. (L 289) 31.

  71. 71.

    This section is based on Reichert (2016), pp. 30–35.

  72. 72.

    E.g., articles 2(5)(c) and 3(1)(i) 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 2(1), (2) and (5) 1994 Danube Convention; articles 3(1) and 4(1)(g) 1999 Rhine Convention.

  73. 73.

    E.g., articles 2(6) and 9(2) 1992 UNECE Water Convention; articles 1(b) and 2(1) 1994 Danube Convention; article 2(a)-(e) 1999 Rhine Convention.

  74. 74.

    E.g., article 1(1) 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 2(1) 1994 Danube Convention; article 2(1) 1999 Rhine Convention.

  75. 75.

    See Tanzi and Kolliopoulos (2015).

  76. 76.

    E.g., article 7 1997 United Nations Convention on the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (1997 UN Watercourses Convention), adopted by the UN General Assembly and opened for signature in New York on 21 May 1997, in force 17 August 2014, 36 ILM 700 (1997).

  77. 77.

    E.g., articles 2(1)-(2) and 3 1992 UNECE Water Convention; articles 1(c), 2(2), 3(2), 5 and 6 1994 Danube Convention.

  78. 78.

    E.g., articles 2(6) and 9 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 2(2) 1994 Danube Convention; article 1(1)-(2) 1996 Oder Convention. See Wouters and Leb (2015), pp. 285–295.

  79. 79.

    E.g., articles 5 and 6 1997 UN Watercourses Convention; article 2(2)(c) 1992 UNECE Water Convention; articles 2(1) and 6 1994 Danube Convention. See McIntyre (2015), pp. 146–159.

  80. 80.

    Article 3(1)-(3) 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  81. 81.

    E.g., article 7(5)(b) 1994 Danube Convention.

  82. 82.

    E.g., article 7(1) 1994 Danube Convention.

  83. 83.

    This section is based on Reichert (2016), pp. 30–32.

  84. 84.

    E.g., articles 4 and 11 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 9 1994 Danube Convention; article 2(1)(d) and (f) 1996 Oder Convention.

  85. 85.

    E.g., article 6 1992 UNECE Water Convention; articles 4(b) and 12 1994 Danube Convention; article 2(1)(k) 1996 Oder Convention. See Lipponen and Kauppi (2015), pp. 251–267.

  86. 86.

    Article 13(1)-(2) 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  87. 87.

    Article 16 1992 UNECE Water Convention. See Vykhryst (2015), pp. 268–282.

  88. 88.

    E.g., article 14 1994 Danube Convention; article 8(4) 1999 Rhine Convention.

  89. 89.

    E.g., articles 12 and 18 1997 UN Watercourses Convention.

  90. 90.

    E.g., article 28(1)-(3) 1997 UN Watercourses Convention; article 14 first sentence 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 16(3)-(4) 1994 Danube Convention; article 5(6) 1999 Rhine Convention.

  91. 91.

    Article 15 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 17 1994 Danube Convention.

  92. 92.

    E.g., article 28(4) 1997 UN Watercourses Convention; article 14 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  93. 93.

    E.g., articles 17 and 24 1997 UN Watercourses Convention; article 10 1992 UNECE Water Convention; articles 4(a) and 11 1994 Danube Convention.

  94. 94.

    E.g., article 33 1997 UN Watercourses Convention; article 22 1992 UNECE Water Convention; article 24 1994 Danube Convention.

  95. 95.

    This section is based on Reichert (2016), pp. 32–35.

  96. 96.

    Article 9(2) 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  97. 97.

    Article 1(5) 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  98. 98.

    International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, http://www.icpdr.org/main.

  99. 99.

    International Commission for the Protection of the Meuse River, http://www.cipm-icbm.be.

  100. 100.

    International Scheldt Commission, http://www.isc-cie.org.

  101. 101.

    International Commission for the Protection of the Oder Against Pollution, http://www.mkoo.pl.

  102. 102.

    International Sava River Basin Commission, http://www.savacommission.org.

  103. 103.

    Article 9(2) 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  104. 104.

    E.g., article 18 and Annex IV 1994 Danube Convention; articles 6–12 1999 Rhine Convention; article 5 2002 Meuse Convention.

  105. 105.

    E.g., article 10(1) 1999 Rhine Convention; article 5(4) first sentence 2002 Meuse Convention. For a “four-fifths” majority voting in exceptional cases see article 5(1) third sentence Annex IV 1994 Danube Convention.

  106. 106.

    E.g., article 11(1) 1999 Rhine Convention; article 5(4) 2002 Meuse Convention. For legally binding effects of decisions see article 5(2) Annex IV 1994 Danube Convention.

  107. 107.

    Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, 2000 O.J. (L 327) 1.

  108. 108.

    See Reichert (2016), pp. 35–44.

  109. 109.

    Article 191–193 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). See Consolidated Version of the TFEU, signed in Rome on 25 March 1957, in force 1 January 1958, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 47, last amended by the Treaty of Lisbon, signed in Lisbon on 13 December 2007, in force 1 December 2009, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 1, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 1.

  110. 110.

    Court of Justice, judgment of 5 February 1963, N.V. Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62, EU:C:1963:1, 1963 E.C.R. 1(12-13).

  111. 111.

    Article 288 TFEU.

  112. 112.

    Declaration No 17 concerning primacy, annexed to the Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference which adopted the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007, in force 1 December 2009, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 346, explicitly referring to the established case law of the Court of Justice, e.g., judgment of 15 July 1964, Flaminio Costa v. E.N.E.L., C-6/64, EU:C:1964:66, 1964 E.C.R. 585(593), and judgment of 9 March 1978, Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. Simmenthal S.p.A., C-106/77, EU:C:1978:49, 1978 E.C.R. 629.

  113. 113.

    Article 17(1) second and third sentence of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). See Consolidated Version of the TEU, signed in Maastricht on 7 February 1992, in force 1 November 1993, 2012 O.J. (C 326) 13, last amended by the Treaty of Lisbon, signed in Lisbon on 13 December 2007, in force 1 December 2009, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 1.

  114. 114.

    Article 19(1) second sentence TEU.

  115. 115.

    Articles 259 and 260 TFEU.

  116. 116.

    Article 191(4) and article 216 TFEU.

  117. 117.

    Preamble recital 19 WFD.

  118. 118.

    Article 2(2) and (4)-(7) WFD.

  119. 119.

    Article 1(a) WFD.

  120. 120.

    Article 1(b) WFD.

  121. 121.

    Article 1(e) WFD.

  122. 122.

    Article 1 fourth indent WFD.

  123. 123.

    Article 4(1)(a) WFD.

  124. 124.

    Article 4(1)(b) WFD.

  125. 125.

    Article 4(1)(c) WFD.

  126. 126.

    Article 2(15) WFD.

  127. 127.

    Article 3(3) WFD.

  128. 128.

    Aricle 3(4) WFD.

  129. 129.

    Aricle 3(5) WFD.

  130. 130.

    Preamble recital 35 third sentence WFD.

  131. 131.

    Article 3(2), (3) and (7) in conjunction with articles 2(16) and 24(1) WFD.

  132. 132.

    Article 3(6) WFD.

  133. 133.

    Article 3(4) WFD.

  134. 134.

    Reichert (2016), pp. 2–3, 4–6, 91–97 and 100–103.

  135. 135.

    Ibid., pp. 77–80.

  136. 136.

    Preample recital 26 and article 11(1) WFD.

  137. 137.

    Article 13(2) WFD.

  138. 138.

    Article 13(3) WFD.

  139. 139.

    See Reichert (2016), pp. 91–97.

  140. 140.

    Article 3(2) Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (2002 Sava Agreement), signed in Kranjska Gora on 3 December 2002, in force 29 December 2004, 2366 UNTS 479.

  141. 141.

    Danube Declarations adopted at the Ministerial Meetings of the ICPDR on 13 December 2004, on 16 February 2010, and on 9 February 2016, www.icpdr.org/main/publications/legal-documents.

  142. 142.

    Ministerial Declarations adopted by all riparians of the Rhine basin at the Conferences of Rhine Ministers on 29 January 2001, on 18 October 2007, and on 28 October 2013, www.iksr.org/en/international-cooperation/conferences-of-ministers/.

  143. 143.

    Vogel et al. (2012), p. 169.

  144. 144.

    For an overview of international RBMPs and the status of implementation of the WFD in EU member states see http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/participation/mapmc/map.htm.

  145. 145.

    ICPDR (2015), Danube River Basin District Management Plan – Update 2015, www.icpdr.org/main/activities-projects/river-basin-management-plan-update-2015.

  146. 146.

    ICPR (2015), Second Internationally Coordinated Management Plan for the International River Basin District of the Rhine – Part A = Overriding Part, www.iksr.org/en/water-framework-directive/river-basin-management-plan-2015/.

  147. 147.

    Bernauer (2002), p. 2.

  148. 148.

    Bernauer (2002), p. 6.

  149. 149.

    Official Opinions of the US Attorney General, Volume XXI (1898), p. 274. See generally McCaffrey (2007), p. 76.

  150. 150.

    Huber (1906), p. 160.

  151. 151.

    See Salman and Uprety (2002), p. 41.

  152. 152.

    See Ule (1998), p. 125.

  153. 153.

    United Nations Convention on the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (1997 UN Watercourses Convention), adopted by the UN General Assembly and opened for signature in New York on 21 May 1997, in force 17 August 2014, 36 ILM 700 (1997).

  154. 154.

    Salman (2019), p. 116.

  155. 155.

    ILA (2004), p. 21.

  156. 156.

    For the following see also Irmer (1998), pp. 113–119.

  157. 157.

    Bernauer (2002), p. 8.

  158. 158.

    Durth (1996), p. 311; Bernauer (2002), p. 14.

  159. 159.

    E.g., article 9, 11–15 1997 UN Watercourses Convention.

  160. 160.

    E.g., article 6, 9 and 11 1992 UNECE Water Convention.

  161. 161.

    Article 3 CFA.

  162. 162.

    Bernauer (2002), p. 16.

  163. 163.

    See Reichert (2016), p. 98.

  164. 164.

    See generally Haas (1992), p. 3. For a discussion of “epistemic communities” in the specific context of international cooperation on transboundary freshwater resources see Brunnée and Toope (1997), pp. 34–35.

References

  • Bernauer T (1995) The international financing of environmental protection: lessons from the efforts to protect the river Rhine against Chloride Pollution. Environ Politics 4:369–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernauer T (2002) Explaining success and failure in international river management. Aquat Sci 64:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birnie P, Boyle A, Regdwell C (2009) International environmental law & the environment. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Boisson de Chazournes L (2008) The Rhine Chlorides arbitration concerning the auditing of accounts (Netherlands – France): its contribution to international law. In: Permanent Court of Arbitration (ed) The Rhine Chlorides arbitration concerning the auditing of accounts (Netherlands-France): Award of 2004. T.M.C. Asser Press, Den Haag, pp 1–15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brunnée J, Toope S (1997) Environmental security and freshwater resources: ecosystem regime building. Am J Int Law 91:26–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgen S (2017) Tagus river at risk of drying up completely. The Guardian (14 August 2017). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/14/tagus-river-at-risk-of-drying-up-completely

  • de Villeneuve C (1996) Western Europe’s Artery: The Rhine. Nat Resour J 36:441–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Durth R (1996) Grenzüberschreitende Umweltprobleme und regionale Integration: Zur politischen Ökonomie von Oberlauf-Unterlauf-Problemen an internationalen Flüssen. Nomos-Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezega News (2017) Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Generation Capacity Revised Up to 6,450 MW, (25 February 2017). www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3978/Ethiopian-Renaissance-Dam-Generation-Capacity-Revised-Up-to-6-450MW

  • Haas P (1992) Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. Int Organ 46:1–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber M (1906) Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der Gebietshoheit an Grenzflüssen, Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht und Bundesstaatsrecht 1:29-52 and 1:159-217

    Google Scholar 

  • ICPDR (2015) Danube River Basin District Management Plan – Update 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • ICPR (2003) Upstream – Outcome of the Rhine Action Programme

    Google Scholar 

  • ICPR (2015) Second internationally coordinated management plan for the International River Basin District of the Rhine – Part A = Overriding Part

    Google Scholar 

  • International Law Association (2004) Berlin Conference 2004 – Water Resources. https://slidelegend.com/international-law-association-international-water-law-project59da87aa1723dd355399be23.html

  • Irmer H (1998) Prerequisites for effective river Basin Management – the case of the river Rhine. In: Landsberg-Uczciwek M, Adriaanse M, Enderlein R (eds) The international conference on management of transboundary waters in Europe – 22–25 September 1997. Mrzeżyno, Warsaw, pp 113–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammers J (1984) Pollution of international watercourses – a search for substantive rules and principles of law. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus S (2018) Is Ethiopia taking control of the river Nile? CNN (21 October 2018). https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/19/africa/ethiopia-new-dam-threatens-egypts-water/index.html

  • Lipponen A, Kauppi L (2015) Monitoring and assessment and the duty of cooperation under the water convention: exchange of information among the riparian parties. In: Tanzi A et al (eds) The UNECE convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes: its contribution on international water cooperation. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, pp 251–267

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaffrey S (2007) The law of international watercourses. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre O (2015) The principle of equitable and reasonable utilisation. In: Tanzi et al (eds) The UNECE convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes: its contribution on international water cooperation. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, pp 146–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Nollkaemper A (1996) The river Rhine: from equal apportionment to ecosystem protection. Rev Eur Commun Int Environ Law 5:152–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert G (2005) Der nachhaltige Schutz grenzübergreifender Gewässer in Europa – Die Entstehung eines völker- und europarechtlichen Umweltregimes. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert G (2016) Transboundary water cooperation in Europe – a successful multidimensional regime? Brill Res Perspect Int Water Law 1:1–111. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salman S (2006) International water disputes: a new breed of claims, claimants, and settlement institutions. Water Int 31:2–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salman S (2017a) The Nile basin cooperative framework agreement – disentangling the Gordian Knot. In: Yihdego Z, Rieu-Clarke A, Cascão A (eds) The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Nile basin – implications for transboundary water cooperation. Routledge, London, pp 18–40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Salman S (2017b) Agreement on declaration of principles on the GERD – levelling the Nile basin playing field. In: Yihdego Z, Rieu-Clarke A, Cascão A (eds) The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Nile basin – implications for transboundary water cooperation. Routledge, London, pp 41–60

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Salman S (2019) The obligation not to cause significant harm. In: Boisson de Chazournes L et al (eds) The United Nations Convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourse – a commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 95–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Salman S, Uprety K (2002) Conflict and cooperation on South Asia’s international rivers: a legal perspective. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Sands P (1998) Watercourses, environment and the international court of justice: the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case. In: Salman S, Boisson de Chazournes L (eds) International Watercourses: Enhancing Cooperation and Managing Conflict – Proceedings of a World Bank Seminar, World Bank Technical Paper No 414, Washington D.C., pp 103–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabach A (1989) The Sandoz Spill: the failure of international law to protect the Rhine from pollution. Ecol Law Q 16:443–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Steck S, Eckstein G (1997) Of solemn oaths and obligations: the environmental impact of the ICJ’s decision in the case concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project. YIEL 8:41–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi A, Kolliopoulos A (2015) The no-harm rule. In: Tanzi et al (eds) The UNECE convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes: its contribution on international water cooperation. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, pp 133–145

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Trombitcaia I, Koeppel S (2015) From a regional towards a global instrument – the 2003 amendment to the UNECE Water Convention. In: Tanzi A et al (eds) The UNECE convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes: its contribution on international water cooperation. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, pp 15–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Ule C (1998) Das Recht am Wasser – Dargestellt am Beispiel des Nils. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel B et al (2012) Part V: international coordination. In: WRc plc (ed) Comparative study of pressures and measures in the major river basin management plans, pp 145–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Vykhryst S (2015) Public information and participation under the water convention. In: Tanzi et al (eds) The UNECE convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes: its contribution on international water cooperation. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, pp 268–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieriks J (1998) Prerequisites for effective river basin management – the case of the river Rhine. In: Landsberg-Uczciwek M, Adriaanse M, Enderlein R (eds) The international conference on management of transboundary waters in Europe – 22–25 September 1997. Mrzeżyno, Warsaw, pp 121–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Wouters P, Leb C (2015) The duty to cooperate in international law – examining the contribution of the UN water conventions to facilitating transboundary water cooperation. In: Tanzi et al (eds) The UNECE convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes: its contribution on international water cooperation. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, pp 285–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Yihdego Z, Rieu-Clarke A, Cascão A (2017) The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Nile basin – implications for transboundary water cooperation. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zamparutti T (2012) Part I: overview. In: WRc plc (ed) Comparative study of pressures and measures in the major river basin management plans, pp 1–51

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for European Policy, Freiburg, Germany

    Götz Reichert

Authors
  1. Götz Reichert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Zeray Yihdego

  2. Faculty of Business and Law, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK

    Melaku Geboye Desta

  3. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Martha Belete Hailu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Reichert, G. (2019). International Water Cooperation in Europe: Lessons for the Nile Basin Countries?. In: Yihdego, Z., Desta, M., Hailu, M. (eds) Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law 2018. Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law, vol 2018. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24078-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24078-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24077-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24078-3

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation