Abstract
Contamination of soil and aquatic ecosystems by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) is a serious global issue. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) that originate from the distillates of crude oil in the form of diesel, gasoline, lubricating oil, and other typical PHs received much attention globally as contaminants since they are highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in nature. Toxicity of PHs increases with increasing molecular weight. Low-molecular-weight cyclic alkanes are more toxic to aquatic organisms than aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons of the same molecular weight. In a terrestrial environment, aromatic hydrocarbons are more toxic than aliphatic compounds. Even lower aromatic compounds other than polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic. Importantly, the toxicity of PHs in an organism is directly proportional to its bioavailability. Hydrophilic PHs are more bioavailable than the hydrophobic and/or bound PHs. The bioavailable pollutant is highly accessible and adsorbed/absorbed by an organism, causing sublethal or lethal effects by interacting with specific sites/receptors in the organisms. During toxicity development, PHs usually disrupt the cell membrane, which results in the fluctuations in membrane fluidity, integrity, and functioning in the organisms. In aquatic system, non-bioavailable and/or hydrophobic PHs become bioavailable to several benthic organisms (e.g., invertebrates, fish, deposited fish eggs, etc.) as they get adsorbed onto particulates and sediments. Certain aquatic invertebrates (e.g., mussels, oysters, crabs, cockles, etc.) that ingest suspended oil droplets/oil-bound particulates are highly sensitive to PHs. Human beings suffer potential health disorders upon exposure to petroleum compounds via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. An impact in a population that causes no mortality is called sublethal effect, and these effects usually include the development of lesions, developmental defects, changes in molecular functions, and behavioral changes in feeding and breeding. Lethal effects occur in the aquatic environment due to short-term exposure to oil spills, where they disrupt the central nervous system through partitioning into cell membranes and nerve tissues. Fatality caused by PHs is broadly termed as narcosis. In all, the accumulation and persistence of PHs in the environment can bring about harmful effects in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The present chapter describes several ecological impacts of TPHs on microorganisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates) of both terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbasian F, Lockington R, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2016a) Multiwall carbon nanotubes increase the microbial community in crude oil contaminated freshwater sediments. Sci Total Environ 539:370–380
Abbasian F, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Naidu R, Lockington R, Ramadass K (2016b) Microbial diversity and hydrocarbon degradation gene capacity of a crude oil field soil as determined by metagenomics analysis. Biotechnol Prog 32:638–648
Adriana CB, Jacqueline M (2016) Oil spills and their impacts on sand beach invertebrate communities: a literature review. Environ Pollut 218:709–722
Alberta (2015) Alberta pipelines: 5 major oil spills in recent history. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/alberta-pipelines-5-major-oil-spills-in-recent-history-1.3156604. Accessed 1 Feb 2019
Alkio M, Tabuchi TM, Wang X, Colon-Carmona A (2005) Stress responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Arabidopsis include growth inhibition and hypersensitive response-like symptoms. J Exp Bot 56:2983–2994
Alloy MM, Boube I, Griffitt RJ, Oris JT, Roberts AP (2015) Photo-induced toxicity of Deepwater Horizon slick oil to blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 34:2061–2066
Andres BA (1997) The Exxon Valdez oil spill disrupted the breeding of black oystercatchers. J Wildl Manag 3:1322–1328
Andres BA (1999) Effects of persistent shoreline oil on breeding success and chick growth in Black Oystercatchers. Auk 61:640–650
Ansari Z, Ingole B (2002) Effect of an oil spill from MV Sea Transporter on intertidal meiofauna at Goa, India. Mar Pollut Bull 44:396–402
Arias CR, Koenders K, Larsen AM (2013) Predominant bacteria associated with red snapper from the northern Gulf of Mexico. J Aquat Anim Health 25:281–289
ATSDR (2018) Agency for toxic substances & disease registry. Toxic substances portal – total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Toxicological profile for total petroleum hydrocarbons. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/TP.asp?id=424&tid=75#bookmark10. Accessed 2 Feb 2019
Australia (2018) Australian scientists lead quest for sustainable oil spill tech. https://australiascience.tv/australian-scientists-lead-quest-for-sustainable-oil-spill-tech/. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Baguley JG, Montagna PA, Cooksey C, Hyland JL, Bang HW, Morrison C, Kamikawa A, Bennetts P, Saiyo G, Parsons E, Herdener M, Ricci M (2015) Community response of deep-sea soft-sediment metazoan meiofauna to the Deepwater Horizon blowout and oil spill. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 528:127–140
Baker JM (1971) Growth stimulation following oil pollution. In: Cowell EB (ed) The ecological effects of oil pollution on littoral communities. Applied Science Publishers Ltd, Barking, pp 72–77
Barron MG (2012) Ecological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: implications for immunotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 40:315–320
Bejarano AC, Michel J (2010) Large-scale risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shoreline sediments from Saudi Arabia: environmental legacy after twelve years of the Gulf war oil spill. Environ Pollut 158:1561–1569
Beyer J, Hilde CT, Torgeir B, Peter VH, Tracy KC (2016) Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 110:28–51
Boucher G (1980) Impact of Amoco Cadiz oil spill on intertidal and sublittoral meiofauna. Mar Pollut Bull 11:95–101
Brette F, Machado B, Cros C, Incardona JP, Scholz NL, Block BA (2014) Crude oil impairs cardiac excitation–contraction coupling in fish. Science 343:772–776
Brunner CA, Yeager KM, Hatch R, Simpson S, Keim J, Briggs KB, Louchouarn P (2013) Effects of oil from the 2010 Macondo well blowout on marsh foraminifera of Mississippi and Louisiana, USA. Environ Sci Technol 47:9115–9123
Cachada A, Ferreira da Silva E, Duarte AC, Pereira R (2016) Risk assessment of urban soils contamination: the particular case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci Total Environ 551–552:271–284
Carmichael RH, Graham WM, Aven A, Worthy G, Howden S (2012) Were multiple stressors a ‘perfect storm’ for northern Gulf of Mexico bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in 2011? PLoS One 7:e41155
CCME (1999) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life – benzene. http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/downloaded/en/145?redir=1555802092. Accessed 20 Apr 2019
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (2008) Canada-wide standard for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil (PHC CWS). User guidance (PN 1398)
Chaineau C-H, Morel J-L, Oudot J (1995) Microbial degradation in soil microcosms of fuel oil hydrocarbons from drilling cuttings. Environ Sci Technol 29:1615–1621
Chan GL (1973) A study of the effects of the San Francisco oil spill on marine organisms. In: Proceedings of the 1973 international oil spill conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC, pp 741–781
Chen L, Liu X, Zhang X, Liu S, Wei J, Xu G (2013) Response characteristics of seed germination and seedling growth of Acorus tatarinowii under diesel stress. Plant and Soil 368:355–363
Chevron (2012) Chevron files suit against Ecuadorian Court for $18 billion oil pollution case. https://inhabitat.com/the-gloves-come-off-between-the-people-of-ecuador-and-chevron-in-pollution-case/. Accessed 1 Feb 2019
Conan G, Dunnet G, Crisp D (1982) The long-term effects of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Philosophical transactions of the royal society of London. Biol Sci B297:323–333
Cotrufo MF, Soong J, Vandegehuchte ML, Nguyen T, Denef K, Shaw EA, Sylvain ZA, Milanode TC, Nielsen UN, Wall DH (2014) Naphthalene addition to soil surfaces: a feasible method to reduce soil micro-arthropods with negligible direct effects on soil C dynamics. Appl Soil Ecol 74:21–29
Cowles TJ, Remillard JF (1983) Effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of crude oil on the copepod Centropages hamatus. Mar Biol 78:45–51
Crespo-Medina M, Meile CD, Hunter KS, Diercks AR, Asper VL, Orphan VJ, Tavormina PL, Nigro LM, Battles JJ, Chanton JP, Shiller AM, Joung DJ, Amon RMW, Bracco A, Montoya JP, Villareal TA, Wood AM, Joye SB (2014) The rise and fall of methanotrophy following a deepwater oil-well blowout. Nat Geosci 7:423
de la Huz R, Lastra M, Junoy J, Castellanos C, Viéitez JM (2005) Biological impacts of oil pollution and cleaning in the intertidal zone of exposed sandy beaches: preliminary study of the “Prestige” oil spill. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 65:19–29
DeLeo DM, Ruiz-Ramos DV, Baums IB, Cordes EE (2016) Response of deep-water corals to oil and chemical dispersant exposure. Deep-Sea Res II Top Stud Oceanogr 129:137–147
DEPA (2002) Guidelines on remediation of contaminated sites. Environmental guidelines no. 7. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Denmark
Drabeck DH, Chatfield MWH, Richards-Zawacki CL (2014) The status of Louisiana’s diamond back terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) populations in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: insights from population genetic and contaminant analyses. J Herpetol 48:125–136
Duan L, Naidu R, Thavamani P, Meaklim J, Megharaj M (2015) Managing long-term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soils: a risk-based approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:8927–8941
Dubinsky EA, Conrad ME, Chakraborty R, Bill M, Borglin SE, Hollibaugh JT, Mason OU, Piceno YM, Reid FC, Stringfellow WT, Tom LM, Hazen TC, Andersen GL (2013) Succession of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environ Sci Technol 47:10860–10867
Etnoyer PJ, Wickes LN, Silva M, Dubick JD, Balthis L, Salgado E, MacDonald IR (2016) Decline in condition of gorgonian octocorals on mesophotic reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico: before and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Coral Reefs 35:77–90
Felicity L (2018) English Bay oil spill – we dodged big trouble… this time! http://credbc.ca/vancouver-oil-spill/. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Fernandez MI, Fernandez S, Beiras R (2006) Assessing the toxicity of sandy sediments six months after the Prestige oil spill by means of the searching embryo-larval bioassay. Thalassas 22:45–50
Finch BE, Wooten KJ, Smith PN (2011) Embryotoxicity of weathered crude oil from the Gulf of Mexico in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environ Toxicol Chem 30:1885–1891
Fisher CR, Girard F, Fu B (2015) Mechanisms of impact from the deep water Horizon oil spill to corals and associated communities in the deep Gulf of Mexico. Impacts from the Deepwater Horizon Spill on deep-sea ecosystems: detection, causes, and effects on the benthos, Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA
Franci CD, Guillemette M, Pelletier É, Chastel O, Bonnefoi S, Verreault J (2014) Endocrine status of a migratory bird potentially exposed to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: a case study of northern gannets breeding on Bonaventure Island, Eastern Canada. Sci Total Environ 473–474:110–116
García-Segura D, Castillo-Murrieta IM, Martínez-Rabelo F, Gomez-Anaya A, Rodríguez-Campos J, Hernández-Castellanos B, Contreras-Ramos SM, Barois I (2018) Macrofauna and mesofauna from soil contaminated by oil extraction. Geoderma 332:180–189
Giffillan E, Mayo D, Hanson S, Donovan D, Jiang LC (1976) Reduction in carbon flux in Mya arenaria caused by a spill of no. 6 fuel oil. Mar Biol 37:115–123
Gilfillan E, Vandermeulen J (1978) Alterations in growth and physiology of softshell clams, Mya arenaria, chronically oiled with Bunker C from Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, 1970–76. J Fish Board Can 35:630–636
Gilfillan ES, Mayo DW, Page DS, Donovan D, Hanson S (1977) Effects of varying concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments on carbon flux in Mya arenaria. In: Vernberg FJ, Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Vernberg WB (eds) Physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants. Academic Press, New York, pp 299–314
Global (2002) Global marine oil pollution information gate way. http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/sources.htm. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Goodbody-Gringley G, Wetzel DL, Gillon D, Pulster E, Miller A, Ritchie KB (2013) Toxicity of Deepwater Horizon source oil and the chemical dispersant, Corexit® 9500, to coral larvae. PLoS One 8:e45574
Henkel JR, Sigel BJ, Taylor CM (2012) Large-scale impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: can local disturbance affect distant ecosystems through migratory shorebirds? Bioscience 62:676–685
Henner P, Schiavon M, Druelle V, Lichtfouse E (1999) Phytotoxicity of ancient gaswork soils. Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on plant germination. Org Geochem 30:963–969
ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation) (2014) TIP-13 (Technical Information Paper): effects of oil pollution on the marine environment. https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/documents-guides/document/tip-13-effects-of-oil-pollution-on-the-marine-environment/. Accessed 29 Mar 2019
Jingchun T, Min W, Fei W, Qing S, Qixing Z (2010) Eco-toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. J Environ Sci 23:845–851
Junoy J, Castellanos C, Viéitez JM, de la Huz MR, Lastra M (2005) The macroinfauna of the Galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil-spill. Mar Pollut Bull 50:526–536
Karen JN (2016) Oil’s wandering path content is modified after National Ocean Service/an oily mess, Smithsonian Institute/Pollution Solution, PWSSC/marine oil pollution. https://slideplayer.com/slide/5664015/. Accessed 9 Feb 2019
Khan MAI, Biswas B, Smith E, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2018a) Toxicity assessment of fresh and weathered petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil-a review. Chemosphere 212:755–767
Khan MAI, Biswas B, Smith E, Mahmud SA, Hasan NA, Khan MAW, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2018b) Microbial diversity changes with rhizosphere and hydrocarbons in contrasting soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 156:434–442
Klamerus-Iwan A, Błońska E, Lasota J, Kalandyk A, Waligórski P (2015) Influence of oil contamination on physical and biological properties of forest soil after chainsaw use. Water Air Soil Pollut 226:389
Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2016a) In situ remediation approaches for the management of contaminated sites: a comprehensive overview. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 236:1–115
Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2016b) Ex situ remediation technologies for environmental pollutants: a critical perspective. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 236:117–192
Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Lee YB, Naidu R (2016c) Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity in soils contaminated long-term with PAHs and heavy metals: implications to bioremediation. J Hazard Mater 317:169–179
Kuppusamy S, Thavamani P, Megharaj M, Lee YB, Naidu R (2016d) Isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degrading, pH tolerant, N-fixing and P-solubilising novel bacteria from manufactured gas plant (MGP) site soils. Environ Technol Innov 6:204–219
Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Lee YB, Naidu R (2016e) Kinetics of PAH degradation by a new acid-metal-tolerant Trabulsiella isolated from the MGP site soil and identification of its potential to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorous. J Hazard Mater 307:99–107
Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2016f) Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by novel bacterial consortia tolerant to diverse physical settings – assessments in liquid- and slurry-phase systems. Int Biodeter Biodegr 108:149–157
Kuppusamy S, Thavamani P, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2016g) Bioaugmentation with novel microbial formula vs. natural attenuation of a long-term mixed contaminated soil – treatability studies in solid- and slurry-phase microcosms. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:25
Kuppusamy S, Thavamani P, Venkateswarlu K, Lee YB, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2017) Remediation approaches for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils: technological constraints, emerging trends and future directions. Chemosphere 168:944–968
Laffon B, Rabade T, Pasaro E, Mendez J (2006) Monitoring of the impact of Prestige oil spill on Mytilus galloprovincialis from Galician coast. Environ Int 32:342–348
Lai HC, Feng MC (1985) Field and laboratory studies on the toxicities of oils to mangroves. In: International oil spill conference proceedings, vol 1, Allen Press Inc. Lawrence, Kansas, pp 539–545
Lenchi N, İnceoğlu Ö, Kebbouche-Gana S, Gana ML, Llirós M, Servais P, García-Armisen T (2013) Diversity of microbial communities in production and injection waters of Algerian oilfields revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon 454 pyrosequencing. PLoS One 8:e66588
Lewis M, Pryor R (2013) Toxicities of oils, dispersants and dispersed oils to algae and aquatic plants: review and database value to resource sustainability. Environ Pollut 180:345–367
Lin Q, Mendelssohn IA (2003) Dispersal effects on fresh marsh vegetation: toxicity evaluation and oil remediation. Technical report series 169-30-4150. Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, p 20
Logeshwaran P, Megharaj M, Chadalawada S, Bowman M, Naidu R (2018) Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in groundwater aquifers: an overview of environmental fate, toxicity, microbial degradation and risk-based remediation approaches. Environ Technol Innov 10:175–193
Luke W (2013) Atlantic empress oil spill. https://prezi.com/_-pfq_dejdvd/atlantic-empress-oil-spill/. Accessed 25 Mar 2019
Ma B, He Y, Chen H-H, Xu J-M, Rengel Z (2010) Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: synthesis through meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 158:855–861
Mace GB, Robyn NC, Edith LH, Peter M, Gregory JW, Vanessa EP, Morgan MW (2018) Toxicity of cold lake blend and Western Canadian select dilbits to standard aquatic test species. Chemosphere 191:1–6
MacKinnon G, Duncan HJ (2013) Phytotoxicity of branched cyclohexanes found in the volatile fraction of diesel fuel on germination of selected grass species. Chemosphere 90:952–957
Maddela NR, Laura S (2018) Petroleum degradation: promising biotechnological tools for bioremediation. In: Mansoor Z (ed) Recent insights in petroleum science and engineering. InTech – Open Science Publishers, Rijeka
Maddela NR, Masabanda M, Leiva-Mora M (2015) Novel diesel-oil-degrading bacteria and fungi from the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest. Water Sci Technol 71:1554–1561
Mahbub KR, Krishnan K, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2017) Bio-augmentation and nutrient amendment decrease concentration of mercury in contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 576:303–309
Mayilswami S, Krishnan K, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2017) Transcriptome analysis of Eisenia fetida chronically exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. Environ Technol Innov 7:54–62
Megharaj M, Singleton I, McClure NC, Naidu R (2000) Influence of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on microalgae and microbial activities in a long-term contaminated soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 38:439–445
MP (Ministerio de la Presidencia) (2005) Real Decreto 9/2005. Gobierno de Espana, Madrid
Naidoo G, Naidoo Y, Achar P (2010) Responses of the mangroves Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza to oil contamination. Flora 205:357–362
OCEANA (2009) Protecting the World’s oceans – potential impacts of Deepwater Horizon oil spill on sea turtles. https://oceana.org/reports/potential-impacts-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-sea-turtles. Accessed 13 Apr 2009
OilSpill (2015) Oil spill dumps 33,000 barrels of oil into Straits of Singapore. https://inhabitat.com/oil-spill-dumps-33000-barrels-of-oil-into-straits-of-singapore/. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Pierre YR, Bérubé V, Leblanc J, Desrosiers M (2018) Assessment of acute and chronic toxicity of unweathered and weathered diluted bitumen to freshwater fish and invertebrates. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 164:331–343
Pilcher W, Miles S, Tang S, Mayer G, Whitehead A (2014) Genomic and genotoxic responses to controlled weathered-oil exposures confirm and extend field studies on impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on native killifish. PLoS One 9:e106351
Prouty NG, Fisher CR, Demopoulos AWJ, Druffel ERM (2016) Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Deep-Sea Res II Top Stud Oceanogr 129:196–212
Quintana-Rizzo E, Torres JJ, Ross SW, Romero I, Watson K, Goddard E, Hollander D (2015) Delta(13)C and delta(15)N in deep-living fishes and shrimps after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Gulf of Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull 94:241–250
Ramadass K, Smith E, Palanisami T, Mathieson G, Srivastava P, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2015a) Evaluation of constraints in bioremediation of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated arid soils through microcosm biopile study. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12:3597–3612
Ramadass K, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2015b) Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: earthworm survival and soil health. Soil Biol Biochem 85:72–81
Ramadass K, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2016a) Sensitivity and antioxidant response of Chlorella sp. MM3 to used engine oil and its water accommodated fraction. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97:71–77
Ramadass K, Palanisami T, Smith E, Mayilswami S, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2016b) Earthworm comet assay for assessing the risk of weathered petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils: need to look further than the target contaminants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 71:561–571
Ramadass K, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2017a) Ecotoxicity of measured concentrations of soil-applied diesel: effects on earthworm survival, dehydrogenase, urease and nitrification activities. Appl Soil Ecol 119:1–7
Ramadass K, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2017b) Toxicity of diesel water accommodation fraction toward microalgae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella sp. MM3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 142:538–543
Ramadass K, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2018) Bioavailability of weathered hydrocarbons in engine oil-contaminated soil: impact of bioaugmentation mediated by Pseudomonas spp. on bioremediation. Sci Total Environ 636:968–974
Schwing PT, Romero IC, Brooks GR, Hastings DW, Larson RA, Hollander DJ (2015) A decline in benthic foraminifera following the Deepwater Horizon event in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 10:22
Shahsavari E, Adetutu EM, Anderson PA, Ball AS (2013) Tolerance of selected plant species to petrogenic hydrocarbons and effect of plant rhizosphere on the microbial removal of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 224:1495
Sivaram AK, Panneerselvan L, Subhaschandrabose SR, Lockington R, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2018a) Comparison of plants with C3 and C4 carbon fixation pathways for remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Sci Rep 8:2100
Sivaram AK, Panneerselvan L, Lockington R, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2018b) Impact of plant photosystems in the remediation of benzo(a)pyrene and pyrene spiked soils. Chemosphere 193:625–634
Sivaram AK, Subashchandrabose SR, Panneerselvan L, Lockington R, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2019) Metabolomics reveals defensive mechanisms adapted by maize on exposure to high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 214:771–780
Smith E, Thavamani P, Ramadass K, Matheison G, Srivastava P, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2015) Remediation trials for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in arid environments: evaluation of bioslurry and biopiling techniques. Int Biodeter Biodegr 101:56–65
Snyder SM, Pulster EL, Wetzel DL, Murawski SA (2015) PAH exposure in Gulf of Mexico demersal fishes, Post-Deepwater Horizon. Environ Sci Technol 49:8786–8795
Subashchandrabose SR, Krishnan K, Gratton E, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2014) Potential fluorescence imaging techniques to monitor mutagenic PAH uptake by microalga. Environ Sci Technol 48:9152–9160
Subashchandrabose SR, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R (2015) Interaction effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on a soil microalga, Chlorococcum sp. MM11. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:8876–8889
Subashchandrabose SR, Wang L, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2017) Interactive effects of PAHs and heavy metal mixtures on oxidative stress in Chlorella sp. MM3 as determined by artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. Algal Res 21:203–212
Subashchandrabose SR, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2019) Biodegradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs by Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain 9: overexpression of amidohydrolase induced by pyrene and BaP. Sci Total Environ 651:813–821
Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Zhan Y, Liu W, Wang X, Zhu L, Li X (2016) Polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China: regional contamination characteristics, combined ecological effects and human health risks. Chemosphere 163:422–428
Sutton NB, Maphosa F, Morillo JA, Abu Al-Soud W, Langenhoff AA, Grotenhuis T, Rijnaarts HH, Smidt H (2013) Impact of long-term diesel contamination on soil microbial community structure. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:619–630
Tao Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Christie P (2009) Predicting bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils by passive sampling with triolein embedded cellulose acetate membranes. Environ Pollut 157:545–551
Tarnecki JH, Patterson WF III (2015) Changes in red snapper diet and trophic ecology following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mar Coast Fish 7:135–147
Tejada M, Gonzalez JL, Hernandez MT, Garcia C (2008) Application of different organic amendments in a gasoline contaminated soil: effect on soil microbial properties. Bioresour Technol 99:2872–2880
Terms (2017) Teams remove most oil spill spots, official says. http://www.timeskuwait.com/Times_Teams-remove-most-oil-spill-spots-official-says. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Thavamani P, Malik S, Beer M, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2012) Microbial activity and diversity in long-term mixed contaminated soils with respect to polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. J Environ Manage 99:10–17
Thavamani P, Smith E, Kavitha R, Mathieson G, Megharaj M, Srivastava P, Naidu R (2015) Risk based land management requires focus beyond the target contaminants – a case study involving weathered hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Environ Technol Innov 4:98–109
TheImportance (2019) The importance of land oil spill response & preparedness. https://www.crownoilenvironmental.co.uk/blog/the-importance-of-land-oil-spill-response-and-preparedness/. Accessed 1 Feb 2019
TheOcean (2017) The ocean conference, United States, New York, 5–9 June 2017. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Ocean_Factsheet_Pollution.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Thomas ML (1973) Effects of bunker C oil on intertidal and lagoonal biota in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. J Fish Board Can 30:83–90
Torres S, Pandey A, Castro GR (2011) Organic solvent adaptation of Gram positive bacteria: applications and biotechnological potentials. Biotechnol Adv 29:442–452
Tran T, Yazdanparast A, Suess EA (2014) Effect of oil spill on birds: a graphical assay of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s impact on birds. Comput Stat 29:133–140
Valeria L, Carlos G, Teresa H (2007) Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on the microbial properties of a sandy and a clay soil. Chemosphere 66:1863–1871
Vandermeulen J, Buckley D, Levy B, Long B, McLaren P, Wells P (1978) Immediate impact of Amoco Cadiz environmental oiling: oil behavior and burial, and biological aspects. Journee speciale AMOCO CADIZ, Brest
Wang LY, Ke WJ, Sun XB, Liu JF, Gu JD, Mu BZ (2014) Comparison of bacterial community in aqueous and oil phases of water-flooded petroleum reservoirs using pyrosequencing and clone library approaches. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:4209–4221
Wenjun X, Rui L, Xueping L, Ping L, Hongjun Y, Tao W, Yanpeng Z (2018) Different responses to soil petroleum contamination in monocultured and mixed plant systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 161:763–768
Wise CF, Wise JTF, Wise SS, Thompson WD, Wise JP Jr, Wise JP Sr (2014) Chemical dispersants used in the Gulf of Mexico oil crisis are cytotoxic and genotoxic to sperm whale skin cells. Aquat Toxicol 152:335–340
Wooten KJ, Finch BE, Smith PN (2012) Embryotoxicity of Corexit 9500 in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Ecotoxicology 21:662–666
World (2011) World’s worst oil spills: major oil spills since 1967. http://nerdcrunch.com/2011/04/24/oil-gas-infographics-updated-daily/. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Xu X, Hu H, Kearney GD, Kan H, Sheps DS (2013) Studying the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on peripheral arterial disease in the United States. Sci Total Environ 461–462:341–347
Zengel S, Bernik BM, Rutherford N, Nixon Z, Michel J (2015) Heavily oiled salt marsh following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, ecological comparisons of shoreline cleanup treatments and recovery. PLoS One 10:e0132324
Zhao F, Zhou JD, Ma F, Shi RJ, Han SQ, Zhang J, Zhang Y (2016) Simultaneous inhibition of sulfate-reducing bacteria, removal of H2S and production of rhamnolipid by recombinant Pseudomonas stutzeri Rhl: applications for microbial enhanced oil recovery. Bioresour Technol 207:24–30
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuppusamy, S., Maddela, N.R., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K. (2020). Ecological Impacts of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. In: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24034-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24035-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)