Skip to main content

Opera and Neuroscience: A Historical Approach and Its Relevance Today

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Opera has played an important musical and cultural role since the fifteenth century, representing a complete artistic form. However, not much importance has been given to its possible use in the medical field as a music therapy, despite many works having shown its development over the centuries and many composers having emphasized its benefits. Recent scientific attempts have been made to apply the melodrama as a therapeutic tool, including opera therapy. These few studies have highlighted the possible areas of its application, its mechanisms from the medical point of view and the diseases linking them to various works, and in particular to specific arias and composers. The ‘melodrama’ of the romantic period seems to be the preferred choice when applying opera therapy.

This music genre could be used as an extra tool in alleviating the suffering of patients, allowing them greater openness towards the therapist and a better management of the disease in general.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hoemberg V. Handbook of neurologic music therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sandrone S, Bacigaluppi M, Galloni MR, Martino G. Angelo Mosso (1846-1910). J Neurol. 2012;259(11):2513–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chritchley M, Henson RA. Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music. London: Heinemann; 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ballantyne J. Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music. Proc R Soc Med. 1977;70(6):445.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Sandrone S, Bacigaluppi M, Galloni MR, Cappa SF, Moro A, Catani M, et al. Weighing brain activity with the balance. Angelo Mosso’s original manuscripts come to light. Brain. 2014;137(2):621–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zatorre RJ, Peretz I, editors. The biological foundations of music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 630. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2001. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Avanzini G, Faienza C, Lopez L, Majno M, Minciacchi D, editors. The neurosciences and Music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 999. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2003. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Quoniam N, Ergis AM, Fossati P, Peretz I, Samson S, Sarazin M, et al. Implicit and explicit emotional memory for melodies in Alzheimer’s disease and depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;999(1):381–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Avanzini G, Lopez L, Koelsch S, Majno M, editors. The neurosciences and Music II. From perception to performance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1060. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2005. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hillecke T, Nickel A, Bolay HV. Scientific perspectives on music therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1060(1):271–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lopez L. Music therapy. The long way to evidence-based methods. Pending issues and perspectives. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1060(1):269–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Thaut MH. The future of music in therapy and medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1060(1):303–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rose FC, editor. Neurology of the arts. Painting, music, literature. London: Imperial College Press; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Miller B. Neurology of the arts. Painting, music, literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(1):148.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Rose FC, editor. Neurology of music. London: Imperial College Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zatorre RJ, Peretz I, Penhune V, editors. The neurosciences and Music III. Disorders and plasticity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1169. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2009. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Drapeau J, Gosselin N, Gagnon L, Peretz I, Lorrain D. Emotional recognition from face, voice, and music in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Implications for music therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169(1):342–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Samson S, Dellacherie D, Platel H. Emotional power of music in patients with memory disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169(1):245–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Vanstone AD, Cuddy LL, Duffin JM, Alexander E. Exceptional preservation of memory for tunes and lyrics. Case studies of amusia, profound deafness and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1169(1):291–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Overy K, Peretz I, Zatorre RJ, Lopez L, Majno M, editors. The neurosciences and Music IV. Learning and memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1252. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2012. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bigand E, Tillmann B, Peretz I, Zatorre RJ, Lopez L, et al., editors. The neurosciences and Music V. Cognitive stimulation and rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1337. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2015. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Samson S, Clément S, Narme P, Schiaratura L, Ehrlé N. Efficacy of musical interventions in dementia: methodological requirements of nonpharmacological trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1337(1):249–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cuddy LL, Sikka R, Vanstone A. Preservation of musical memory and engagement in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1337(1):223–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Halpern AR, Golden HL, Magdalinou N, Witoonpanich P, Warren JD. Musical tasks targeting preserved and impaired functions in two dementias. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1337(1):241–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Altenmüller E, Finger S, Boller F, editors. Music, neurology, and neuroscience. historical connections and perspectives. Progress in brain research, vol. 216. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Altenmüller E, Finger S, Boller F, editors. Music, neurology, and neuroscience. evolution, the musical brain, medical conditions and therapies. Progress in brain research, vol. 217. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gouk P. An enlightenment proposal for music therapy. Richard Brocklesby on music, spirit, and the passions. Progress in brain research, vol. 217. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 159–85.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sironi VA, Riva MA. Neurological implication and neuropsychological considerations on folk music and dance. Progress in brain research, vol. 217. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 187–205.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Thaut MH. Music as therapy in early history. Progress in brain research, vol. 217. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 143–58.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Baird A, Samson S. Music and dementia. Progress in brain research, vol. 217. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 207–35.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Avanzini G, Boni CA, Cattaneo P, Lopez L. Musicoterapia e relazione. Interventi riabilitativi in ambito psichiatrico, geriatrico e psicoeducativo. Milano: FrancoAngeli; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Blackburn R, Bradshaw T. Music therapy for service users with dementia. A critical review of the literature. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2014;21(10):879–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Cesa-Bianchi M, Cristini C, Cesa-Bianchi G. La psicologia dell’invecchiamento e la creatività. In: Avanzini G, Boni CA, Cattaneo P, Lopez L, editors. Musicoterapia e relazione. Interventi riabilitativi in ambito psichiatrico, geriatrico e psicoeducativo. Milano: FrancoAngeli; 2017. p. 67–77.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cristini C. Psicologia e Musicoterapia. In: Avanzini G, Boni CA, Cattaneo P, Lopez L, editors. Musicoterapia e relazione. Interventi riabilitativi in ambito psichiatrico, geriatrico e psicoeducativo. Milano: FrancoAngeli; 2017. p. 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Loui P, Patel A, Wong LM, Gaab N, Hanser SB, et al., editors. The neurosciences and Music VI. Music, sound and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1423. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 2018. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Edwards J. The Oxford handbook of music therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hordner P. Music as medicine. The history of music therapy since antiquity. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cordingly J. Disorders heroes in Opera. A psychiatric report. London: Plumbago Books; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hutcheon L, Hutcheon M. Opera. The art of dying. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Lorusso L, Franchini AF, Porro A. Opera and neuroscience. Progress in brain research, vol. 216. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 389–409.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Vannoni G. A un dottor della mia sorte. Bologna: Pendragon; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Willich SN. Physicians in opera – reflection of medical history and public perception. BMJ. 2006;333:1333–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Worth E. The changing role of the physicians in opera. Opera Q. 1994;10:143–55.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Sadie S. The new grove dictionary of opera. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Baker F, Uhlig S, editors. Voicework in music therapy, research and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publisher; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Baker F. Therapeutic songwriting. Developments in theory, methods, and practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  47. O’Brien E. Opera therapy. Creating and performing a new work with cancer patients and professional singers. Nord J Mus Ther. 2006;15:82–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Sala E. Women crazed by love. An aspect of romantic opera. Opera Q. 1994;10:19–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Brunner J, Hirsch T, Steger F. Inszenierung von akzentuierten Persönlichkeitszügen in der Barockoper. Opera buffa Arcifanfano – Re dei matti (1749). Nervenarzt. 2016;87:528–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pugliese RM. Il topos della follia nell’opera. Prospettive critiche. In: Sala E, editor. Mad scenes & Songs. Quaderno delle notti Malatestiane. Rimini: Raffaelli; 2002. p. 115–29.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Cambioli L, Bellelli G, Clerici M, Cesana G, Riva MA. “Nabucco” by Giuseppe Verdi. A case of Delirium in an Italian Romantic Opera. Eur Neurol. 2017;77:180–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Finger S, Sironi VA, Riva MA. Somnambulism in Verdi’s Macbeth and Bellini’s La Sonnambula: opera, sleepwalking, and medicine. Progress in brain research, vol. 216. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 357–88.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gallini C. La sonnambula meravigliosa. Magnetismo e ipnotismo nell’Ottocento Italiano. Milano: Feltrinelli; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Riva MA, Mazzocchi C, Cesana G, Stanley F. ‘Il sonnambulo’ by Michele Carafa: a forgotten romantic opera with sleepwalking. Eur Neurol. 2016;76(5-6):210–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Göbel A, Göbel CH, Göbel H. Phenotype of migraine headache and migraine aura of Richard Wagner. Cephalalgia. 2014;34:1004–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Göbel CH, Göbel A, Göbel H. “Compulsive plague! Pain without end”. How Richard Wagner played out his migraine in the opera Siegfried. BMJ. 2013;347:f6952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Scull A. Some reflections on madness and culture in the post-war world. Hist Psychiatry. 2014;25:395–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Aydin P, Ritch R, O’Dwyer J. Blindness and visual impairment in opera. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2018;28:6–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Fuller D. Dementia at the Opera. The lion’s face. Opera Q. 2011;27:509–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Grandi R. Adattamenti, riscritture, burlesques (1681–1860). King Lear dopo Shakespeare. Roma: Aracne; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Raz C. Music, theater and the moral treatment: the Casa dei Matti in Aversa and Palermo. Laboratoire Italien, vol. 20; 2017. http://journals.openedition.org/laboratoireitalien/1581.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Brocklesby R. Reflections on ancient and modern music with the applications to the cure of diseases: to which is subjoined and essay to solve the question wherein consisted the difference between ancient music, from that of modern times. London: Cooper; 1749.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Ficino M. Commentarium in Platonis Phaedrum, IV.3. In: Allen M, editor. Marsilio Ficino and the Phaedron Charioteer. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Roger L. Traités des Effects de la Musique sur le Corp Umain. Paris: Brunot; 1803.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gaston ET. Music in therapy. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kluge CA. Versuch einer Darstellung des animalischen Magnetismus als Heilmittel. Wien; 1815.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Falconi B. Musica e medicina nella Milano di primo Ottocento: l’esempio di Peter Lichtenthal (1780-1853). In: Cristini C, Porro A, editors. Medicina e Musica. Rudiano: GAM; 2008. p. 26–33.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Frigau Manning C. The “musical people” of Italy: a nineteenth-century medical question. Laboratoire Italien, vol. 20; 2017. http://journals.openedition.org/laboratoireitalien/1539.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Didone. Ballo eroico in sei atti incominciato da Salvatore Viganò e terminato da suo fratello Giulio per rappresentarsi nell’I. R. Teatro Alla Scala l’autunno dell’anno 1821. Milano: Pirola; 1821.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Korenjak A. From moral treatment to modern music therapy. On the history of music therapy in Vienna (c. 1820–1960). Nordic J Mus Ther. 2018;27:341–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Lichtenthal P. Trattato dell’influenza della musica sul corpo umano e del suo uso in certe malattie. Milano: Silvestri; 1811.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Porro A, Cristini C. Histoire des évolutions démentielles. In: Arfeux-Vaucher G, Ploton L, editors. Les démences au croisement des non-savoirs. Chemins de la complexité. Rennes: Presses de l’EHESP; 2012. p. 197–208.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Frank GP. Sistema completo di polizia medica. Milano: Pirotta e Maspero; 1807–1818.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Newton I. New theory about light and colours. Phil Trans R Soc. 1671–1672;80:3075–87.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ione A, Tyler CW. Neuroscience, history and the arts. Synesthesia: is F-sharp colored violet? J Hist Neurosci. 2004;13(1):58–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lorusso L, Porro A. Coloured-hearing synaesthesia in nineteenth-century Italy. In: Rose FC, editor. Neurology of music. London: Imperial College Press; 2010. p. 239–56.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  77. Porro A. Carlo Botta, medico. Roma: Aracne; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Botta C. Memoire sur la nature des tons et des sons. Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Littérature et Beaux-Arts de Turin pour les années X et XI., vol. 12. London: Forgotten Books; 1801. p. 191–214.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Lorusso L, Bravi GO, Buzzetti S, Porro A. Filippo Lussana (1820-1897): from medical practitioner to neuroscience. Neurol Sci. 2012;33(3):703–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Zanchin G, Lisotto C, Maggioni F. Filippo Lussana (1820-1897), a physiologist of the Paduan medical faculty and his contribution to Neurology. Italian J Neurol Sci (Suppl) Cogito. 1992;23:79–84.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lussana F. Sull’udizione colorata. Arch Italiano Malattie Nerv. 1884;21:371–7.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Serravezza A. Helmholtz, Stumpf, Riemann. Un itinerario. Riv Ital Musicol. 1989;24:347–422.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Davis WB. Music therapy in 19th century America. J Mus Ther. 1987;24:76–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Davis WB. The first systematic experimentation in music therapy: the genius of James Leonard Corning. J Music Ther. 2012;49:102–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Montinari MR, Giardina S, Minelli P, Minelli S. History of music therapy and its contemporary applications in cardiovascular diseases. South Med J. 2018;111(2):98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Reschke-Hernandez AE. Paula Lind Ayers. “Song-physician” for troops with shell shock during World War I. J Mus Ther. 2014;51:276–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Davis WB. Music therapy practice in New York City: a report from a panel of experts, March 17, 1937. J Mus Ther. 1997;34:68–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Soibelman D. Therapeutic and industrial uses of music. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Washco A Jr. The effects of music upon pulse rate, blood pressure, and mental imagery. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University; 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Brooks D. A history of music therapy journal articles published in the English language. J Mus Ther. 2003;40:151–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Altenmüller E, Schlaug G. Apollo’s gift: new aspects of neurologic music therapy. Progress in brain research, vol. 217. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 237–52.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Edwards J. The use of music in healthcare contexts. A select review of writings from the 1890s to the 1940s. Voice. 2008;2:1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Gardner B. Therapeutic qualities of music. Mus Lett. 1944;25:181–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Trappe H-J. Music and Medicine: the effect of music on the human being. Appl Cardiopulm Pathophysiol. 2012;16:133–42.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kleber B, Birbaumer N, Veit R, Trevorrow T, Lotze M. Overt and imagined singing of an Italian aria. Neuroimage. 2007;36:889–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Miu AC, Baltes FR. Empathy manipulation impacts music-induced emotions: a psychophysiological study on opera. PLoS One. 2012;7:e30618.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Riva M, Casarotti A, Comi A, Pessina F, Bello L. Brain and music: an intraoperative stimulation mapping study of a professional opera singer. Case report. World Neurosurg. 2016;93:486.e13–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.06.130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Bernardi L, Porta C, Casucci G, Balsamo R, Bernardi NF, Fogari R, Sleight P. Dynamic interactions between musical, cardiovascular, and cerebral rhythms in humans. Circulation. 2009;119:3171–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Burrack F, Maltas C. Engaging elementary-age children with opera. Appl Res Mus Educ. 2002;25:82–9.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Davidson JW. “Passion, lament, glory”: baroque music and modern social justice resonances. J Voice. 2017;17 https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v17i3.935.

  101. Takala T, Häyry M, Laing L. Playing God: the rock opera that endeavors to become a bioethics education tool. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2014;23(2):188–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lauw E. Mianzi and other social influences on music therapy for older Chinese people in Australian aged care. AJMT. 2016;27:57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Yeung H, Baker F, Shoemark H. Song preferences of Chinese older adults living in Australia. Aust J Mus Ther. 2014;25:103–21.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Costa CM. Listening to music: similarities and differences between normal and schizophrenic people. Voice. 2009;9:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Magree WL, Siegert RJ, Taylot SM, Daveson BA, Lenton-Smith G. Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC): reliability and validity of a measure to assess awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness. J Music Ther. 2016;53:1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. McCabe L, Greasley-Adams C, Goodson K. ‘What I want to do is get half a dozen of them and go and see Simon Cowell’. Reflecting on participation and outcomes for people with dementia taking part in a creative musical project. Dementia. 2015;14:734–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Matthews S. Dementia and the power of music therapy. Bioethics. 2015;29(8):573–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Soriano JB. On doctors and their operas. A critical (and lyrical) analysis of medicine in opera. Chest. 2018;154(2):409–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Spahn C, Echternach M, Zander MF, Voltmer E, Richter B. Music performance anxiety in opera singers. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2010;35(4):175–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rentrop M, Knebel C, Förstl H. Opera-hallucinosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(4):432–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Uchiyama M, Jin X, Zhang Q, Hirai T, Amano A, Bashuda H, Niimi M. Auditory stimulation of opera music induced prolongation of murine cardiac allograft survival and maintained generation of regulatory CDA+CD25+ cells. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;7:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Janata P, Tomic ST, Rakowski SK. Characterization of music-evoked autobiographical memories. Memory. 2007;1(8):845–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lorusso, L., Porro, A. (2020). Opera and Neuroscience: A Historical Approach and Its Relevance Today. In: Colombo, B. (eds) Brain and Art. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23580-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23580-2_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23579-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23580-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics