Abstract
The importance of community-based mental health promotion is addressed in this chapter and the rationale for implementing community mental health promotion is outlined. Conceptual approaches to community practice are presented and a set of guiding principles are identified for implementing participative and empowering mental health promotion strategies at the community level. The complexity of implementing multicomponent and multilevel community interventions is addressed and structured frameworks for community-based intervention planning, implementation and evaluation are outlined. The strategies needed to guide the delivery of comprehensive community interventions and translate the concepts of community practice into reality are considered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ampuero, D., Goldswosthy, S., Delgado, L. E., & Christian, M. J. (2015). Using mental well-being impact assessment to understand factors influencing well-being after a disaster. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 33(3), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2015.1023564
Arnstein, S. R. (1971). A ladder of citizen participation in the USA. Journal of the Royal Town Planning Institute, 57, 176–182.
Barry, M. M. (2003). Designing an evaluation framework for community mental health promotion. Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 2(4), 26–36.
Barry, M. M. (2005). Creating a mentally healthy society: lessons from a cross-border rural mental health project in Ireland. Journal of Public Mental Health, 4(1), 30–34.
Barton, H., Mitcham, C., Tsouoro, C. (Eds.). (2003). Healthy urban planning in practice: Experience of European cities. Report of the WHO City Action Group on Healthy Urban Planning. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Batenburg, A., & Das, E. (2015). Virtual support communities and psychological well-being: The role of optimistic and pessimistic social comparison strategies. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20, 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12131
Berkman, L. F., & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawach (Eds.), Social Epidemiology (pp. 158–162). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Beyer, K. M. M., Kaltenbach, A., Szabo, A., Bogar, S., Nieto, F. J., & Malecki, K. M. (2014). Exposure to neighborhood green space and mental health: Evidence from the survey of the health of Wisconsin. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 11(3), 3453–3472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110303453
Bracht, N. (Ed.). (1999). Health promotion at the community level 2: New advances. California, CA: Sage.
Bracht, N., & Kingsbury, L. (1990). Community organization principles in health promotion: A five-stage model. In N. Bracht (Ed.), Health promotion at the community level (pp. 66–90). California, CA: Sage.
Bracht, N., Kingsbury, L., & Rissel, C. (1999). A five-stage community organization model for health promotion: Empowerment and partnership strategies. In N. Bracht (Ed.), Health promotion at the community level 2: New advances (pp. 83–117). California, CA: Sage.
Brager, G., & Specht, H. (1973). Community organizing. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Brown, P. (1995). The role of the evaluator in comprehensive community initiatives. In J. P. Connell, A. C. Kubisch, L. B. Schorr, & C. H. Weiss (Eds.), New approaches to evaluating community initiatives: Concepts, methods and contexts (pp. 201–225). Washington, DC: Aspen University.
Brown, C., & Grant, M. (2007). Natural medicine for planners. Town and Country Planning – Special Issue: Planning for Healthy Communities, 76(2), 67–69.
Brown, E. C., Hawkins, J. D., Arthur, M. W., Briney, J. S., & Abbott, R. D. (2007). Effects of Communities that Care on prevention services systems: Findings from the community youth development study at 1.5 years. Prevention Science, 8(3), 180–191.
Burkhart, G. (2013). North American drug prevention programs: Are they feasible in European cultures and contexts? Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Publications Office of the European Union.
Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial behaviour. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149–197). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Chu, A., Thorne, A., & Guite, H. (2004). The impact on mental well-being of the urban and physical environment: An assessment of the evidence. Journal of Public Mental Health, 3(2), 17–32.
Clark, C., Myron, R., Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2007). A systematic review of the evidence on the effect of the built and physical environment on mental health. Journal of Public Mental Health, 6(2), 14–27.
Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Connell, J. P., & Kubisch, A. C. (1998). Applying a theory of change approach to the evaluation of comprehensive community initiatives: Progress, prospects, and problems. In K. Fulbright-Anderson, A. C. Kubisch, & J. P. Connell (Eds.), New approaches to evaluating community initiatives: Volume 2. Theory, measurement, and analysis (pp. 1–13). Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
Connell, J. P., Kubisch, A. C., Schorr, L. B., & Weiss, C. (Eds.). (1995). New approaches to evaluating community initiatives. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.
Cook, A., Friedli, L., Coggins, T., Edmonds, N., Michaelson, J., O’Hara, K., … Scott-Samuel, A. (2011). Mental well-being impact assessment: A toolkit for well-being (3rd ed.). London, UK: National MWIA Collaborative. Retrieved from https://healthycampuses.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/MentalWellbeingImpactAssessmentAtoolkitforwellbe-1.pdf
Cox, P. J., Keener, D., Woodard, T., & Wandersman, A. (2009). Evaluation for improvement: A seven step empowerment evaluation approach for violence prevention organizations. Atlanta, GA: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.
Crow, I., France, A., Hacking, S., & Hart, M. (2004). Does Communities that Care work? An evaluation of a community-based risk prevention programme in three neighborhoods. York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Cunningham, L. E., Michielutte, R., Dignan, M., Sharp, P., & Boxley, J. (2000). The value of process evaluation in a community-based cancer control program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(99)00033-6
Dalgard, O. S., & Tambs, K. (1997). Urban environment and mental health: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 530–536.
de Leeuw, E. (2009). Evidence for healthy cities: Reflections on practice, method and theory. Health Promotion International, 24(S1), 19–36.
Depledge, M., Stone, R., & Bird, W. J. (2011). Can natural and virtual environments be used to promote improved human health and wellbeing? Environmental Science and Technology, 45(11), 4660–4665.
Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A study in sociology (J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson, Trans.). New York, NY: Free Press. (Original work published 1897).
Echeverria, S., Diez-Roux, A. V., Shea, S., Borrell, L. N., & Jackson, S. (2008). Association of neighborhood problems and social cohesion with health-related behaviors and depression in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Health and Place, 14(4), 853–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.01.004
Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., & Kearns, A. (2001). Perceptions of place and health in socially contrasting neighbourhoods. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2299–2316.
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Prevention. (2017). Communities That Care (CTC): A comprehensive prevention approach for communities. In EMCDDA Papers. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Evans, W. E., Wells, N. M., & Moch, A. (2003). Housing and mental health: A review of the evidence and a methodological and conceptual critique. Journal of Social Issues, 59(3), 475–500.
Fagan, A. A., Hanson, K., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. (2008). Bridging science to practice: Achieving prevention in the Community Youth Development Study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3–4), 235–249.
Fetterman, D. M., & Wandersman, A. (Eds.). (2005). Empowerment evaluation principles in practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Florin, P., & Wandersman, A. (1990). An introduction to citizen participation, voluntary organizations, and community development: Insights for empowerment through research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 41–54.
Flynn, B. S. (1995). Measuring community leaders’ perceived ownership of health education programs: Initial tests of reliability and validity. Health Education Research, 10(1), 27–36.
Foster-Fishman, P. G., Berkowitz, S. L., Lounsbury, D. W., Jacobson, S., & Allen, N. A. (2001). Building collaborative capacity in community coalitions: A review and integrative framework. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(2), 241–261.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Herder & Herder.
Friedli, L. (2009). Mental health, resilience and inequalities. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Gabriel, R. M. (2000). Methodological challenges in evaluating community partnerships and coalitions: Still crazy after all these years. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 339–352.
Gary, T. L., Stark, S. A., & LaVeist, T. A. (2007). Neighborhood characteristics and mental health among African Americans and whites living in a racially integrated urban community. Health and Place, 13(2), 569–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.06.001
Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2004). Traffic stress, vehicular burden and well-being: A multilevel analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 59(2), 405–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.027
Goodman, R. M. (2000). Bridging the gap in effective program implementation: From concept to application. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 309–321.
Guite, H. F., Clark, C., & Ackrill, G. (2006). The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. Public Health, 120(12), 1117–1126.
Haferkamp, N., & Kramer, N. C. (2011). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour and Social Networking, 14(5), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/cyber.2010.0120
Hawkins, J. D. (1999). Preventing crime and violence through communities that care. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 7(4), 443–458.
Hawkins, J.D., & Catalano, R.F. (2002). Tools for community leaders: A guidebook for getting started. Retrieved April 18, 2018, from http://www.sdrg.org/ctcresource/Community%20Building%20and%20Foundational%20Material/Tools%20for%20Community%20Leaders.pdf
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Arthur, M. W. (2002). Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors, 27(6), 951–976.
Hawkins, J. D., Brown, E. C., Oesterle, S., Arthur, M. W., Abbot, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Early effects of Communities that Care on targeted risks and initiation of delinquent behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(1), 15–22.
Hawkins, J. D., Oesterle, S., Brown, E. C., Arthur, M. W., Abbot, R. D., Fagan, A. A., & Catalano, R. F. (2009). Results of a type 2 translational research trial to prevent adolescent drug use and delinquency: A test of Communities that care. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 163(9), 789–798.
Hawkins, J. D., Oesterle, S., Brown, E. C., Monahan, K. C., Abbott, R. D., & Arthur, M. W. (2012). Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the Communities that Care prevention system in a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166(2), 141–148.
Hawkins, J. D., Oesterle, S., Brown, E. C., & Abbott, R. D. (2014). Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the Communities that Care prevention system: A community-randomized trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(2), 122–129.
Henderson, S., & Whiteford, H. (2003). Social capital and mental health. The Lancet, 362(9383), 505–506.
Henricks Brown, C., Curran, G., Palinkas, L. A., Aarons, G. A., Wells, K. B., Jones, L., … Cruden, G. (2017). An overview of research and evaluation designs for dissemination and implementation. Annual Review of Public Health, 38, 1–22.
Heritage, Z., & Dooris, M. (2009). Community participation and empowerment in healthy cities. Health Promotion International, 24(51), 45–55.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316.
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 214(4865), 540–545.
Israel, B. A., Checkoway, B., Schulz, A., & Zimmerman, M. (1994). Health education and community empowerment: Conceptualizing and measuring perceptions of individual, organizational and community control. Health Education Quarterly, 21(2), 149–170.
Jackson, T., Mitchell, S., & Wright, M. (1989). The community development continuum. Community Health Studies, 8(1), 66–73.
Kawachi, I. (2010). The relationship between health assets, social capital and cohesive communities. In A. Morgan, M. Davies, & E. Ziglio (Eds.), Health assets in a global context (pp. 167–179). New York, NY: Springer.
Kent, J. L., & Thompson, S. (2014). The three domains of urban planning for health and well-being. Journal of Planning Literature, 29(3), 239–256.
Kim, B. K. E., Gloppen, K. M., Rhew, I. C., Oesterle, S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2015). Effects of the Communities that Care prevention system on youth reports of protective factors. Prevention Science, 16(5), 652–662.
Komro, K. A., Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2016). Research design for evaluating complex multicomponent interventions in neighborhoods and communities. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 6(1), 153–159.
Kreuter, M., Lezin, N., & Young, L. (2000). Evaluating community based collaborative mechanisms: Implications for practitioners. Health Promotion Practice, 1(1), 49–63.
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., … Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS One, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Kuklinski, M. R., Fagan, A. A., Hawkins, J. D., Briney, J. S., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). Benefit-cost analysis of a randomized evaluation of Communities that Care: Monetizing intervention effects on the initiation of delinquency and substance use through grade 12. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(2), 165–192.
Labonté, R. (1989). Community empowerment: The need for political analysis. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 87–89.
Labonté, R. (1990). Empowerment: Notes on professional and community dimensions. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 26, 1–12.
Labonté, R. (1993). Community development and partnerships. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 84(4), 237–240.
Labonté, R. (2009). Social inclusion/exclusion and health: D the dialectic. In D. Raphael (Ed.), Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 269–279). Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Lafferty, C. K., & Mahoney, C. A. (2003). A framework for evaluating comprehensive community initiatives. Health Promotion Practice, 4(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839902238289
Latkin, C. A., & Curry, A. D. (2003). Stressful neighborhoods and depression: A prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519814
Laverack, G. J. (2006). Improving health outcomes through community empowerment: A review of the literature. Health Population and Nutrition, 24(1), 113–120.
Lee, A., & Maheswaran, R. (2011). The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence. Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 212.
Marmot Review Team. (2010). Fair society, healthy lives: Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. London, UK: Marmot Review. Retrieved from www.instituteofhealthequity.org
Minkler, M. (2010). Linking science and policy through community-based participatory research to eliminate health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S81–S87.
Minkler, M. (2012). Introduction to community organizing and community building. In M. Minkler (Ed.), Community organizing and community building for health and welfare (3rd ed., pp. 5–26). Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Moodie, R., & Jenkins, R. (2005). I’m from the government and you want me to invest in mental health promotion. Well why should I? Promotion and Education, S2, 37–41.
NICE (2016). Community engagement: improving health and wellbeing and reducing health inequalities. NICE guideline [NG44]. Retrieved March 30, 2018, from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng44
Norris, T. (2001). America’s communities movement: Investing in the civic landscape. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(2), 301–307.
O’Mara-Eves, A., Brunton, G., McDaid, D., Oliver, S., Kavanagh, J., Jamal, F., … Thomas, J. (2013). Community engagement to reduce inequalities in health: A systematic review, meta-analysis and economic analysis. Southampton, UK: NIHR Journals Library (Public Health Research, No. 1.4.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK262817/doi:10.3310/phr01040
OECD. (2001). The well-being of nationals. The role of human and social capital, education and skills. Paris, France: OECD, Centre for Educational Research and Innovation.
Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Kuklinski, M. R., Fagan, A. A., Fleming, C., Rhew, I. C., … Catalano, R. F. (2015). Effects of communities that care on males’ and females’ drug use and delinquency 9 years after baseline in a community-randomized trial. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56(3–4), 217–228.
Patton, M. Q. (2008). Utilization-focused evaluation (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pawson, R., & Tilley, K. (1997). Realistic evaluation. London, UK: Sage.
Pentz, M. A., Trebow, E. A., Hansen, W. B., MacKinnon, D. P., Dwyer, J. H., Johnson, C. A., … Cormack, C. (1990). Effects of program implementation on adolescent drug use behavior: The Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP). Evaluation Review, 14(3), 264–289.
Pentz, M. A., Mihalic, S. F., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1997). Blueprints for violence prevention. Book one: The Midwestern Prevention Project. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioural Science, University of Colorado.
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Toomey, T. L., Komro, K. A., Anstine, P. S., … Wolfson, M. (1996). Project Northland: Outcomes of a communitywide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 86(7), 956–965.
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Komro, K. A., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Stigler, M. H., Munson, K. A., … Forster, J. L. (2002). Project Northland: Long-term outcomes of a community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use. Health Education and Research Theory and Practice, 17(1), 117–132.
Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2010). Inequality: An underacknowledged source of mental illness and distress. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(6), 426–428.
Pickett, K. E., James, O. W., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). Income inequality and the prevalence of mental illness: A preliminary international analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, 646–647.
Popay, J. (2006). Community engagement, community development and health improvement. A background paper prepared for the National Institute for Clinical Health and Excellence, London.
Putnam, R. (2001). Social capital: Measurement and consequences. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2, 41–51.
Quinby, R. K., Hanson, K., Brooke-Weiss, B., Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., & Fagan, A. A. (2008). Installing the Communities that Care prevention system: Implementation progress and fidelity in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(3), 313–332.
Rappaport, J. (1985). The power of empowerment language. Social Policy, 16, 15–21.
Rhew, I. C., Hawkins, J. D., Murray, D. M., Fagan, A. A., Oesterle, S., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2016). Evaluation of community-level effects of Communities that Care on adolescent drug use and delinquency using a repeated cross-sectional design. Prevention Science, 17(2), 177–187.
Rifkin, S. B., Muller, F., & Bichmann, W. (1988). Primary health care: On measuring participation. Social Science and Medicine, 26(9), 931–940.
Robertson, A., & Minkler, M. (1994). New health promotion movement: A critical examination. Health Education Quarterly, 21(3), 295–312.
Robinson, K. L., & Elliott, S. J. (2000). The practice of community development approaches in heart health promotion. Health Education Research, 15(2), 219–231.
Roe, J. J., Aspinall, P. A., & Ward Thompson, C. (2017). Coping with stress in deprived urban neighborhoods: What is the role of green space according to life stage? Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01760
Shakeshaft, A., Doran, C., Petrie, D., Breen, C., Harvard, A., Abudeen, A., … Sanson-Fisher, R. (2014). The effectiveness of community action in reducing risky alcohol consumption and harm: A cluster randomised controlled trial. PLoS Medicine, 11(3), e1001617.
Shediac-Razallah, M. C., & Bone, L. R. (1998). Planning for the sustainability of community-based health programs: Conceptual frameworks and future directions for research, practice and policy. Health Education Research: Theory and Practice, 13(1), 87–108.
South, J. (2015). A guide to community-centred approaches for health and wellbeing. London, UK: Public Health England Publications. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-and-wellbeing-a-guide-to-community-centred-approaches
Stokols, D., Allen, J., & Bellingham, R. L. (1996). The social ecology of health promotion: Implications for research and practice. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4), 247–251.
Thomson, H., Petticrew, M., & Douglas, M. (2003). Health impact assessment of housing improvements: Incorporating research evidence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(1), 11–16.
Thomson, H., Atkinson, R., Petticrew, M., & Kearns, A. (2006). Do urban regeneration programmes improve public health and reduce health inequalities? A synthesis of the evidence from UK policy and practice (1980–2004). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(2), 108–115.
Turley, R., Saith, R., Bhan, N., Rehfuess, E., & Carter, B. (2013). Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastrcuture interventins and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD010067. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010067.pub2
United Nations. (2015). Agenda 2030 sustainable development goals. New York, NY: United Nations.
Vaandrager, L., & Kennedy, L. (2017). The application of salutogenesis in communities and neighborhoods. In M. B. Mittelmark, S. Sagy, M. Eriksson, G. Bauer, J. Pelikan, M. Lindström, & G. A. Espnes (Eds.), The handbook of salutogenesis (pp. 159–170). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6
van den Berg, A. E., & Custers, M. H. G. (2011). Gardening promotes neuroendocrine and affective restoration from stress. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(1), 3–11.
van Horn, M. L., Fagan, A. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Oesterle, S. (2014). Effects of the Communities that Care system on cross-sectional profiles of adolescent substance use and delinquency. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(2), 188–197.
VicHealth (2005). Mental health and wellbeing research summary sheet: Social inclusion as a determinant of mental health and wellbeing. Resource 1. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/media-and-resources/publications/social-inclusion-as-a-determinant-of-mental-health-and-wellbeing
Wallerstein, N. (1992). Powerlessness, empowerment and health: Implications for health promotion programs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 197–205.
Wallerstein, N., Mendes, R., Minkler, M., & Akerman, M. (2011). Reclaiming the social in community movements: Perspectives from the USA and Brazil/South America: 25 years after Ottawa. Health Promotion International, 26(S2), ii226–iii36.
Ward Thompson, C., Aspinall, P. A., Roe, J., Robertson, L., & Miller, D. (2016). Mitigating stress levels in deprived urban communities: The importance of green space and the social environment. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 13(4), 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040440
Weich, S., Blanchard, M., Prince, M., & Burton, E. (2002). Mental health and the built environment: Cross-sectional survey of individual and contextual risk factors for depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 428–433.
Whiteford, H., Cullen, M., Bainganam F. (2005). Social capital and mental health. In H. Herrman, S. Saxena and R. Moodie (Eds.) Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice (pp. 70–80). A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and University of Melbourne. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Whitley, R., Prince, M., & Cargo, M. (2005). Thinking inside the bubble: Evidence for a new contextual unit in urban mental health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(10), 893–897.
Wilkinson, R. G. (1996). Unhealthy societies: The afflictions of inequality. London, UK: Routledge.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Marmot, M. (2003). Social determinants of health: The solid facts (2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. (2009). The spirit level: why equality is better for everyone. London, UK: Penguin.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. (2018). The inner level: How more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone’s well-being. London, UK: Allen Lane.
Wolff, T. (2001). Community coalition building-contemporary practice and research: Introduction. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(2), 165–191.
World Health Organization. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6–12, September 1978.
World Health Organization. (1986). The Ottawa Charter for health promotion. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/
World Health Organization (2006). What is the evidence on effective empowerment to improve health? WHO’s Regional Office for Europe’s Health Evidence Network (HEN), Copenhagen: Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2013a). Mental health action plan 2013–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2013b). Health 2020: A European policy framework supporting action across government and society for health and well-being. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
World Health Organization. (2016). Shanghai declaration on promoting health in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. In 9th Global Conference on Health Promotion, Shanghai, 21–24 November 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization and Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. (2014). Social determinants of mental health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology, (chapter 2). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Barry, M.M. (2019). Community Mental Health Promotion Principles and Strategies. In: Barry, M.M., Clarke, A.M., Petersen, I., Jenkins, R. (eds) Implementing Mental Health Promotion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23455-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23455-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23454-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23455-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)